Table 3.

Papers that met inclusion criteria that investigated psychological impact of WAD

Author and year of publication Quality score	WAD (N) Females Mean age	Control (N) Females Mean age	Control type Mean time since MVC	Measure	Psychological injury or symptom
Lee et al (1993) 3/5	32 32 (F) 35 years	15 15 (F) 34 years	Minor symptoms 18.5 months	State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory	State anxiety Trait anxiety Depressive mood
Radanov et al (1996) 4/5	21 18–55 years	21 18–55 years	Recovered Up to 2 years	Freiburg Personality Inventory	Depressed mood
Krogstad et al (1998) 4/5	16 12 (F) 42 years	16 12 (F) 42 years	Facial pain 1–3 years	Symptom Checklist-90	Anxiety Depression GSI
Wallis et al (1998) 3/5	84 54 (F)	974 Adults	Normative data >3 months	Symptom Checklist-90	Anxiety Depression GSI
Peebles et al (2001) 3/5	67 40 years	91 40 years	Low back pain 12 months	Symptom Checklist-90	Anxiety Depression GSI
Blokhorst et al (2002) 3/5	47 29 (F) 34 years	47 29 (F) 34 years	Healthy matched >6 months	Symptom Checklist-90	Anxiety Depression GSI
Mayou and Bryant (2002) 4/5	278 170 (F) 33 years	219 94 (F) 30 years	Other injuries 3 months–3 years	Hospital Anxiety and Depression PSS scale	Anxiety Depression PTSD
Wenzel et al (2002) 4/5	1704 50% (F) Adult	59 406 50% (F) Adult	Other injuries >2 years	Hospital Anxiety and Depression	Anxiety Depression
Gaab et al (2005) 4/5	20 10 (F) 36 years	20 10 (F) 36 years	Healthy matched >6 months	Hospital Anxiety and Depression	Anxiety Depression
Guéz et al (2005) 3/5	19 14 (F) 41 years	21 14 (F) 43 years	Neck pain and norms (N=500) 6 years	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2	Depression
Hours et al (2014) 4/5	171 107 (F) Adult	207 81 (F) Adult	Mild injuries 12 months	PTSD Checklist Scale	PTSD

In quality score, higher scores indicate higher quality.

F, females; GSI, Global Severity Index; MVC, motor vehicle crash; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; WAD, whiplash-associated disorder.