Table 1.
Participant characteristics at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months, by study
| ICAP (20), U.S. (N = 164) | ALTOS (16), U.S. (N = 613) | Elliott et al. (15), Australia (N = 159) | CESAR (21), UK (N = 74) | PRaCTICAL (22), UK (N = 219) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient population | ARDS | ARDS | ARF | Severe ARF | ARF |
| Age, yr | 48 (14) | 49 (14) | 57 (16) | 38 (13) | 58 (15) |
| Men, n (%) | 91 (56) | 309 (49) | 98 (62) | 43 (58) | 122 (56) |
| APACHE II | 24 (8) | 26 (8)* | 20 (10) | 19 (6) | 19 (7) |
| Ventilation days | 14 (14) | 11 (10) | 6 (6) | — | 7 (8) |
| ICU length of stay | 19 (17) | 14 (11) | 9 (8) | — | 7 (8) |
| Hospital length of stay | 31 (23) | 22 (16) | 24 (19) | 63 (49) | — |
| 6-mo values | |||||
| SF-36 MH | 47 (13) | 44 (14) | 48 (11) | 46 (12) | 46 (13) |
| SF-36 MCS | 48 (14) | 45 (15) | 47 (12) | — | 45 (13) |
| Depression,† n (%) | 41 (25)‡ | 222 (36)‡ | 15 (9)§ | 16 (22)‡ | 60 (27)‡ |
| Anxiety,† n (%) | 52 (33)‡ | 260 (42)‡ | 18 (11)§ | 25 (34)‡ | 86 (39)‡ |
| PTSD,† n (%) | 31 (19)|| | 148 (24)|| | 46 (29)¶ | — | 92 (42)** |
| Depression and anxiety, n (%) | 29 (18)‡ | 166 (27)‡ | 11 (7)§ | 14 (19)‡ | 48 (22)‡ |
| Depression and PTSD, n (%) | 17 (11)‡,|| | 117 (19)‡,|| | 11 (7)§,¶ | — | 46 (21)‡,** |
| Anxiety and PTSD, n (%) | 20 (13) | 128 (21) | 13 (8) | — | 63 (29) |
| 12-mo values | |||||
| SF-36 MH | 47 (13) | 45 (14) | — | — | 48 (12) |
| SF-36 MCS | 47 (14) | 45 (15) | — | — | 47 (13) |
| Depression,† n (%) | 34 (24)‡ | 204 (36)‡ | — | — | 53 (27)‡ |
| Anxiety,† n (%) | 50 (35)‡ | 241 (42)‡ | — | — | 68 (35)‡ |
| PTSD,† n (%) | 31 (22)|| | 132 (23)|| | — | — | 77 (40)** |
| Depression and anxiety, n (%) | 24 (17)‡ | 158 (28)‡ | — | — | 40 (21)‡ |
| Depression and PTSD, n (%) | 18 (13)‡,|| | 93 (16)‡,|| | — | — | 45 (23)‡,** |
| Anxiety and PTSD, n (%) | 22 (16)‡,|| | 117 (20)‡,|| | — | — | 56 (29)‡,** |
Definition of abbreviations: ALTOS = ARDSNet Long Term Outcomes study; APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; ARF = acute respiratory failure; CESAR = conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure; DASS = Depression Anxiety Stress Scales; DTS = Davidson Trauma Scale; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; ICAP = Improving Care of Acute Lung Injury Patients study; ICU = intensive care unit; IES = Impact of Event Scale; IES-R = Impact of Event Scale-Revised; MCS = SF-36 mental component summary score; MH = SF-36 mental health domain score; PRaCTICAL = a pragmatic randomized, controlled trial of intensive care follow-up programs in improving longer-term outcomes from critical illness; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.
Data presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified.
Originally reported as APACHE III (mean, 86; SD, 25) and presented as APACHE II using standard conversion (44).
We defined instrument-specific thresholds for substantial symptoms: ≥8 for the depression and anxiety subscales of HADS; ≥21 for DASS depression; ≥15 for DASS anxiety; ≥27 for DTS; ≥20 for IES; and ≥1.6 for IES-R.
Measured using the HADS.
Measured using the DASS.
Measured using the IES-R.
Measured using the IES.
Measured using the DTS.