Table 1.
Descriptive Analyses of Baseline and Time-Varying Covariates, by Time-Varying Contraceptive Method Use, in Zambian Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Discordant (M−F+) Couples
| Characteristic | Nonhormonala | OCPs | Injectable | Implant | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of total intervals of method use | 66 | 14 | 14 | 6 | |
| Demographic (baseline) | |||||
| Age of man, yc | 35.4 ± 8.7 | 33.6 ± 7.2 | 34.6 ± 7.6 | 35.8 ± 7.6 | <.0001 |
| Age of woman, yc | 28.9 ± 7.0 | 27.5 ± 5.7 | 28.4 ± 5.9 | 29.2 ± 5.0 | <.0001 |
| Woman reads Nyanja | .01 | ||||
| Yes, easily | 351 (28) | 24 (17) | 28 (21) | 10 (21) | |
| With difficulty/not at all | 903 (72) | 117 (83) | 107 (79) | 38 (79) | |
| Family planning characteristics (baseline) | |||||
| Previous pregnancies, no.c | 3.1 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 2.2 | 3.8 ± 2.1 | <.0001 |
| Fertility intentions of mand | <.0001 | ||||
| Yes, in the next year | 82 (25) | 13 (14) | 6 (6) | 0 (0) | |
| Yes, but not next year | 90 (28) | 49 (52) | 51 (50) | 10 (38) | |
| Don't know/no | 150 (47) | 33 (35) | 45 (44) | 16 (62) | |
| Fertility intentions of womand | <.0001 | ||||
| Yes, in the next year | 161 (36) | 22 (20) | 12 (10) | 1 (3) | |
| Yes, but not next year | 87 (19) | 32 (30) | 39 (33) | 6 (17) | |
| Don't know/no | 200 (45) | 54 (50) | 69 (58) | 28 (80) | |
| Clinical (baseline) | |||||
| VL of woman, log10 copies/mLc,e | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | <.0001 |
| Circumcised male partner | .84 | ||||
| No | 1036 (82) | 122 (85) | 114 (81) | 42 (84) | |
| Yes | 222 (18) | 22 (15) | 27 (19) | 8 (16) | |
| Sexual behavior and family planning (time varying) | |||||
| Any unprotected sex with study partner since last visit | .03 | ||||
| No | 5429 (64) | 1110 (62) | 1096 (62) | 474 (67) | |
| Yes | 3032 (36) | 681 (38) | 672 (38) | 231 (33) | |
| Sperm present on vaginal swab wet mount | <.0001 | ||||
| No | 7253 (93) | 1597 (91) | 1677 (94) | 695 (97) | |
| Yes | 554 (7) | 159 (9) | 98 (6) | 24 (3) | |
| Pregnant | <.0001 | ||||
| No | 6754 (90) | 1594 (97) | 1677 (100) | 641 (100) | |
| Yes | 782 (10) | 56 (3) | 5 (0) | 1 (0) | |
Data are no. (%) of intervals or mean value ± SD, unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: OCP, oral contraceptive pill; VL, viral load.
a Includes couples using condoms alone, the copper intrauterine device, or permanent methods.
b By 2-tailed χ2 tests for categorical variables or t tests (unequal variance) for continuous variables.
c Indicates a continuous variable.
d Data were collected from 2002 to 2011.
e Data were collected from 1999 onward.