Table 1.
Demographic and health characteristics by sleep phenotype, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) 2008–11
| Overall | Short sleep, insomnia | Long sleep, insomnia | Average sleep, insomnia | Short sleep, no insomnia | Long sleep, no insomnia | Average sleep, no insomnia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. subjects | 15 227 | 661 (4%) | 840 (6%) | 3262 (21%) | 793 (5%) | 1923 (13%) | 7748 (51%) |
| Exposures | |||||||
| Sleep duration (h/day) | 8.0 (7.9, 8.0) | 5.2 (5.2, 5.3) | 10.1 (10, 10.2) | 7.8 (7.7, 7.8) | 5.4 (5.3, 5.5) | 10.0 (9.9, 10.0) | 7.8 (7.8, 7.8) |
| WHIIRS | 6.7 (6.6, 6.9) | 14.9 (14.5, 15.3) | 13.8 (13.5, 14) | 13.5 (13.4, 13.7) | 4.0 (3.6, 4.3) | 3.8 (3.6, 4) | 3.9 (3.8, 4) |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 41.1 (40.6, 41.6) | 45.1 (42.9, 47.2) | 43.0 (41.4, 44.6) | 45.0 (44.1, 45.9) | 41.5 (40.0, 42.9) | 35.9 (34.9, 36.9) | 40.5 (39.9, 41.1) |
| Women (%) | 52.3 (51.1, 53.4) | 57.8 (51.8, 63.9) | 66.1 (61.5, 70.6) | 60.4 (57.8, 63.1) | 41.7 (36.1, 47.3) | 53.7 (50.5, 56.9) | 48.2 (46.5, 49.8) |
| Ethnic heritage (%) | |||||||
| Dominican | 9.5 (8.1, 10.9) | 12.3 (8.8, 15.8) | 11.6 (8.6, 14.5) | 11.1 (9.1, 13.2) | 8.2 (4.9, 11.4) | 9.6 (7.4, 11.8) | 8.6 (7.2, 10.0) |
| Central/South American | 12.2 (10.9, 13.6) | 9.1 (6.3, 11.9) | 9.9 (7.3, 12.5) | 11.1 (9.5, 12.7) | 14 (10.7, 17.3) | 11.1 (9.1, 13) | 13.3 (11.8, 14.9) |
| Cuban | 19.8 (16.5, 23.1) | 20.3 (14.8, 25.8) | 18.9 (14.5, 23.4) | 21.4 (17.3, 25.5) | 16.3 (12.1, 20.4) | 19.5 (15.6, 23.4) | 19.7 (16.1, 23.2) |
| Mexican | 38.4 (35.2, 41.7) | 21.1 (15.3, 26.8) | 33.8 (28.3, 39.2) | 30.1 (26.4, 33.7) | 35.5 (29, 41.9) | 41.7 (37.2, 46.2) | 42.7 (39, 46.4) |
| Puerto Rican | 15.9 (14.3, 17.5) | 31.8 (24.2, 39.4) | 21.6 (17.7, 25.5) | 22.1 (19.3, 24.8) | 19.3 (13.9, 24.7) | 13.9 (11.5, 16.2) | 12.1 (10.6, 13.6) |
| Other/more than one | 4.1 (3.5, 4.7) | 5.5 (2.1, 8.9) | 4.3 (2.2, 6.3) | 4.3 (2.9, 5.7) | 6.8 (2.3, 11.3) | 4.2 (2.9, 5.6) | 3.6 (2.9, 4.3) |
| Born in mainland US† (%) | 22.7 (21.2, 24.3) | 26.4 (19.9, 32.9) | 25.5 (21.1, 29.8) | 23.5 (20.9, 26.1) | 22.1 (17.7, 26.4) | 30.0 (26.8, 33.3) | 20.0 (18.2, 21.7) |
| English-Preference (%) | 25.2 (23.4, 27) | 28.3 (21.6, 35.1) | 29.4 (24.4, 34.3) | 27.0 (23.9, 30.1) | 30.4 (24.4, 36.3) | 29.0 (25.8, 32.2) | 22.3 (20.3, 24.2) |
| Married or partnered (%) | 49.2 (47.7, 50.8) | 40.9 (35.1, 46.7) | 39.2 (34.2, 44.2) | 47.2 (44.5, 49.8) | 50.3 (44.7, 55.9) | 41.4 (38.3, 44.6) | 53.6 (51.6, 55.7) |
| >High school or GED (%) | 39.6 (37.9, 41.2) | 35.2 (28.7, 41.6) | 30.6 (26.1, 35.1) | 41.3 (38.5, 44.0) | 35.9 (31, 40.9) | 36.8 (33.6, 39.9) | 41.2 (38.9, 43.5) |
| Household income <US$30 000/year (%) | 60.9 (59, 62.8) | 66.2 (60.2, 72.1) | 72.0 (67.8, 76.3) | 64.3 (61.4, 67.2) | 58.2 (52.4, 63.9) | 63.5 (60.2, 66.7) | 57.7 (55.1, 60.3) |
| % Unemployed (not retired) | 40.8 (39.4, 42.3) | 40.6 (34.7, 46.5) | 58.7 (53.9, 63.4) | 44.1 (41.2, 47) | 28.7 (23.5, 33.9) | 53.6 (50.3, 57) | 35.7 (33.9, 37.4) |
| Health attributes | |||||||
| AHI‡ | 5.5 (5.2, 5.8) | 6.6 (5.0, 8.2) | 5.8 (4.3, 7.2) | 6.2 (5.5, 7.0) | 5.5 (4.6, 6.4) | 4.5 (3.9, 5.0) | 5.4 (5.0, 5.8) |
| AHEI-2010 | 47.6 (47.2, 47.9) | 46.3 (45.5, 47.1) | 46.7 (46.0, 47.4) | 47.4 (46.9, 47.9) | 47.1 (46.2, 48.1) | 46.6 (46, 47.1) | 48.1 (47.7, 48.6) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.3 (29.2, 29.5) | 30.9 (30.1, 31.8) | 29.7 (29.2, 30.3) | 30.0 (29.7, 30.4) | 30.1 (29.3, 31.0) | 28.4 (28.1, 28.8) | 29.1 (28.9, 29.3) |
| Low physical activity§ (%) | 41.9 (40.7, 43.2) | 33.9 (28.4, 39.4) | 50.6 (45.9, 55.3) | 44.9 (42.3, 47.4) | 36.2 (31.4, 40.9) | 45.7 (42.5, 48.9) | 40.1 (38.3, 41.9) |
Data are given as the mean or percentage with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. All values are weighted for study design and non-response, except the number and percentage of individuals in each sleep phenotype category.
Participants born in Puerto Rico were considered to be born outside mainland US.
The sleep apnea–hypopnea index (AHI; 3% desaturation); AHI 0–5, normal range; 5 < AHI < 15 mild sleep apnea; 15 < AHI < 30 moderate sleep apnea; AHI >30, severe sleep apnea.
Self-reported physical activity from the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, which was categorized as high, medium or low according to the metabolic equivalent units for moderate or vigorous intensity work and leisure activities in a typical week.
GED, general education degree; AHEI-2010, Alternative Healthy Eating Index, 2010 (range 0–110); BMI, body mass index; WHIIRS, Women’s Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Score; average S sleep, >6–9 h/night; short sleep, <6 h/night; long sleep, >9 h/night; insomnia (WHIIRS >10).