. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 13.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 Mar 4;12(5):299–308. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.32

Table 1.

Relationship between smoking status and the metabolic syndrome

Smoking status	The metabolic syndrome (OR)	Mean visceral area (cm²)	Ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue	Plasma triglyceride levels (OR)	Hyperglycaemia (OR)
Nonsmokers	1.00^*	123.10	0.95^‡	1.00^*	1.00^*
Current smokers	1.02	120.40^*	0.98^*	1.30^§	1.08
Ex-smoker for ≤4 years	1.33^‖	130.60	1.01	1.26^¶	1.44^#
Ex-smoker for 5–9 years	1.36^‖	132.00^**	0.97	1.13	1.50^#
Ex-smoker for 10–14 years	1.40	131.70^**	1.00	1.36^¶	1.44^#
Ex-smoker for ≥15 years	1.09	124.00	0.96	1.11	1.08

Reference population for comparison of data.

^‡

Statistically significant difference compared with reference (current smokers).

^§

Statistically significant difference compared with reference (nonsmokers).

^‖

Statistically significant difference compared with reference (nonsmokers).

^¶

Statistically significant difference compared with reference (nonsmokers).

^**

Statistically significant difference compared with reference (current smokers). Modified with permission from Wiley © Matsushita, Y et al. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19, 647–651 (2011).