Table 1.
Diabetes and mortality in prostate cancer
| First author (year), name of study, country | Sample characteristics (sample size, study recruitment period) | Follow-up period (year), study design | Criteria of the cause of death | Comparisons | RR (95 % CI) | Adjustment factors | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Park (2006), National Health Insurance Corporation Study and Korean Central Cancer Registry, South Korea | 256 men (1996–2004) | Median: 3.03 years, prospective cohort study |
National statistical data | Fasting serum glucose <110 | Prostate cancer-specific mortality 1.81 (0.61–5.40) |
Age, alcohol consumption, BMI, cholesterol level, physical activity, food preference, blood pressure, and other comorbidities | |||
| Merrick (2007), Schiffler Cancer Center, USA | 530 men (1995–2003) | Median: 5.7 years, prospective cohort study |
Documentations for cause of death | Diabetes versus non-diabetes | Prostate cancer-specific mortality 2.41 (1.14–5.15) |
Smoking, age, percent of positive biopsies, and body mass index | |||
| Van de Poll-Franse (2007), Eindhoven Cancer Registry, the Netherlands | 5478 men (1995–2002) | 3–10 years, prospective cohort study | Documentations for cause of death | Diabetes versus non-diabetes | All-cause mortality 1.19 (1.04–1.37) |
Age, disease stage, treatment, and cardiovascular disease | |||
| Smith (2008), Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 92–02, USA | 1551 men (1992–1995) | Median: 8.17 years, prospective cohort study | Documentations for cause of death | Diabetes versus non-diabetes | All-cause mortality 1.77 (1.45–2.16) Prostate cancer mortality 0.80 (0.51–1.25) Non-prostate cancer-specific mortality 2.12 (1.69–2.66) |
Age, ethnicity, tumor stage, Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen, weight, and treatment arm | |||
| D’Amico (2010), Chicago Prostate Cancer Center, USA | 5279 men (1997–2007) | Median: 3.9 years, prospective cohort study | Documentations for cause of death | Diabetes versus non-diabetes | Prostate cancer-specific mortality 1.28 (0.54–3.03) Non-prostate cause-specific mortality 1.53 (1.13–2.07) |
History of myocardial infraction, treatment received, age, year of brachytherapy, and prostate cancer risk group | |||
| Tseng (2011), Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan | 102,651 men (1995–2006) | 12 years, prospective cohort study | ICD-9 | Type 2 diabetes versus non-diabetes | All-cause mortality (diabetes) Diabetes of any duration at enrollment |
– | |||
| Age | n | N | RR | ||||||
| 40–64 | 17 | 23,958 | 6.72 (4.43–10.19) | ||||||
| 65–74 | 58 | 12,395 | 2.76 (2.15–3.55) | ||||||
| ≥ 75 | 33 | 3574 | 1.51 (1.08–2.13) | ||||||
| All-cause mortality (type 2 diabetes) Diabetes of any duration at enrollment | |||||||||
| Age | n | N | RR | ||||||
| 40–64 | 16 | 23,197 | 6.52 (4.24–10.03) | ||||||
| 65–74 | 58 | 12,051 | 2.74 (2.12–3.53) | ||||||
| ≥ 75 | 53 | 3448 | 1.56 (1.11–2.19) | ||||||
| Batty (2011), Whitehall Study, London, UK | 17,934 men (1967–1970) 40–69 years of age |
Maximum: 40 years, prospective cohort study | ICD8/9:185, ICD10:C61 | Diabetes versus non-diabetes | Prostate cancer-specific mortality 0.24 (0.03–1.73) |
BMI, plasma cholesterol, physical activity, socio-economic status, diabetes/blood glucose, marital status, FEV1, height, smoking, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, and age at risk | |||
| Chamie (2012), Greater Los Angeles and Long Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA | 1031 men (1997–2004), 66–75 years of age | 10 years, prospective cohort study | Social security death index | Diabetes versus non-diabetes | Prostate cancer-specific mortality Diabetes without end-organ damage 2.32 (1.32–4.08) Diabetes with end-organ damage 4.27 (1.64–11.10) |
– | |||
| Chiou (2012), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Linkou, Taiwan | 81,564 men (2001–2010) | 9 years, prospective cohort study | ICD-9 | Type 2 diabetes versus non-diabetes | Prostate cancer-specific mortality Non-diabetes 0.47 (0.38–0.59) Diabetes 0.82 (0.59–1.13) |
Age | |||
| Liu (2012), Center for Primary Health Care Research, Sweden | 2217 men (1961–2008) | 7 years, prospective cohort study | ICD-9 | Type 2 diabetes versus non-type 2 diabetes | Prostate cancer-specific mortality 1.32 (1.23–1.41) |
Age at diagnosis, diabetes period, obesity, alcohol, smoking, socioeconomic status, and diagnosis site | |||
| Karlin (2012), Academic Medical Center located in metropolitan USA | 4347 men (1999–2008) | Median: 4 prospective cohort study. 5 years | ICD-9 | Diabetes versus non-diabetes | All-cause mortality 1.36 (1.05–1.76) |
Age | |||
| Currie (2012), A retrospective cohort study, U.K. | 15,951 men (1990–2009) | Mean: 6.7 (± 0.08) years, Retrospective cohort study Median: 9.3 years (9.2–9.4) |
Documentations for cause of death | Type 2 diabetes versus non-diabetes | All-cause mortality 1.19 (1.08–1.31) |
Age at baseline, smoking history, Charleston comorbidity index, and year of diagnosis | |||
| Shetti (2012), American Joint Committee on Cancer, USA | 1624 men (1995–2006) | Mean: 7.8 years Median: 7.6 years |
Documentations for cause of death | Diabetes versus non-diabetes | All-cause mortality 1.54 (1.10–2.15) |
Age, PSA, Gleason score, percent positive biopsies, BMI, prostate volume, clinical stage, XRT, ADT, ADT duration, perennial invasion, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, CAD, and tobacco use | |||
| Yeh (2012), a local campaign against cancer and heart disease (CLUE II) cohort study, USA | 18,280 men (1989–2006) | 17 years, prospective cohort study | National death Index, Maryland death | Diabetes versus non-diabetes | All-cause mortality 1.43 (0.31–6.69) |
Age, sex, BMI, smoking, education level, hypertension treatment, and high cholesterol treatment | |||
| Bensimon (2014), National Cancer Date Repository (NCDR), Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) database, and Office for National Statistics (ONS) database, UK | 11,920 men (1998–2012) | Mean: 4.7 (±0.08) years, prospective cohort study | Documentations for cause of death | Type 2 diabetes versus non-type 2 diabetes | Prostate cancer-specific mortality 1.23 (1.04–1.46) All-cause mortality 1.25 (1.11–1.40) |
Age, year of cohort entry, ethnicity, excessive alcohol use, BMI, smoking status, chronic kidney disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, peripheral artery disease, previous cancer, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, diuretics, other antihypertensive drugs, aspirin, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, statins, 5-alpha reductive inhibitors, and the following prostate cancer-related variables: PSA levels, Gleason score, radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and ADT | |||
| Best (2015), Strong Heart Study, USA | 1784 men (1989–1991) | 17.2 years, prospective cohort study | ICD9 | Diabetes versus non-diabetes | Prostate cancer-specific mortality 2.96 (1.15–7.57) |
Age, stratified by center, BMI, Education, drinking status, and smoking status | |||
| Polesel (2016), Multicentre hospital-based-control study | 715 men (1995–2002) | 11.6 years Retrospective cohort study |
Regional health care system databases | Diabetes versus non-diabetes | Prostate cancer-specific mortality 0.64 (0.22–1.88) All-cause mortality 1.56 (1.03–2.36) |
Age at diagnosis, years of education, Gleason score, and smoking | |||
ADT androgen deprivation therapy, BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, PSA prostate specific antigen, XRT X-radiation therapy, ICD international classification of diseases