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. 2016 Sep 14;10:426. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00426

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Copyright © 2016 VanRullen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of varying permutation number. Artificial dataset creation parameters are identical to those used in Figure 5, with the depth of oscillatory modulation set at mod = 0.4. All four time-frequency maps illustrate the results of the PBI measure. Using a hybrid permutation + z-score test, PBI produces comparable results with 100 or 10,000 permutations (top-left and top-right). Using a standard permutation test, however, with 100 permutations the target p-values are hardly distinguishable from the background noise (bottom-left), whereas statistical power can be restored with 10,000 permutations (bottom-right).