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. 2016 Sep 14;10:426. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00426

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Copyright © 2016 VanRullen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of varying ERP amplitude. Parameters ERP_A and ERP_B were varied together from 0 to 50 (arbitrary units, the relevant point of comparison being the standard deviation of the background noise whose oscillatory phase was used to determine perceptual outcome: this standard deviation was fixed at 10 units in all simulations). As expected, the statistical power of all measures decreased with increasing ERP amplitude. Both POS and circ. W-W retained satisfactory power (above 0.8) at all amplitudes tested, while POP and PBI fell down to 0.67 and 0.44, respectively. Time-frequency maps illustrate distortions in the phase opposition landscape caused by ERPs, in particular a leftward shift of latency (compare, for example, to upper time-frequency maps in Figure 6). The time-frequency spectral signature of ERPs is visible as a lighter blue “hill” in the bottom-right map.