Table-2.

Calf management practices for 112 calves in 111 smallholder dairy farms in Mukurwe-ini Sub-County, Kenya.

Characteristic	Categories	Frequency of responses	Percentage
Breed of calf	Friesian-crosses	108/112	96.4
	Other crosses	4/112	3.6
Supervision of birth	Yes	95/112	84.8
	No	17/112	15.2
Time of birth	Morning	46/112	41.1
	Afternoon	25/112	22.3
	Night	41/112	36.6
Assistance of birth	No	69/112	61.6
	Yes	43/112	38.4
Vigor of newborn calf	Strong	103/112	92.0
	Weak	9/112	8.0
Method of colostrum administration	Bucket	68/112	60.7
	Free suckle	28/112	25.0
	Nursing bottle	10/112	8.9
	Assisted suckle	6/112	5.4
Time when 4 L colostrum was consumed	<6 h	53/112	47.3
	6-12 h	27/112	24.1
	12-24 h	18/112	16.1
	>24 h	14/112	12.5
Average amount of milk fed (L/day)	≤5	61/110	55.5
	>5	48/110	43.6
Average amount of calf pellets fed (g/day)	0-250	31/110	28.2
	251-500	53/110	48.2
	>500	26/110	23.6
Average calf pen hygiene	Good	52/110	47.3
	Poor	58/110	52.7
Average calf pen comfort	Good	37/110	33.6
	Poor	73/110	66.4