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. 2016 Aug 18;9(8):869–874. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.869-874

Studies on clinical signs and biochemical alteration in pregnancy toxemic goats

Prasannkumar R Vasava 1,✉, R G Jani 1, H V Goswami 2, S D Rathwa 3, F B Tandel 1
PMCID: PMC5021837  PMID: 27651676

Abstract

Aim:

This study was planned to reveal the clinical signs and biochemical alterations in pregnancy toxemic goats.

Materials and Methods:

Blood samples were collected from 20 healthy pregnant and 45 pregnancy toxemic goats and analyzed biochemically.

Results:

The most significant clinical findings were observed in naturally affected goats with pregnancy toxemia included anorexia, recumbency, lethargy, opisthotonos, dropped head, periodic convulsion, sweetish fruity odor from breath, apparent blindness, bloat, grinding of teeth, and frothy salivation. In this study, the level of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (84.23±1.44 IU/L), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) (216.01±4.07 IU/L), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (22.24±0.31 mg/dl), creatinine (2.13±0.09 mg/dl), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) (0.46±0.83 mmol/L), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) (1.67±0.71 mmol/L) was significantly higher whereas glucose (30.89±0.38 mg/dl) and calcium (8.10±0.20 mg/dl) levels were significantly decreased in pregnancy toxemic goats as compared to healthy goats.

Conclusion:

The goats with pregnancy toxemia exhibited clinical signs include anorexia, recumbency, sweetish fruity odor from breath, apparent blindness, bloat, grinding of teeth, and frothy salivation. Biochemically, there were significantly decreased the level of glucose and calcium, and increased level of SGPT, SGOT, BUN, creatinine, BHBA, and NEFA in the pregnancy toxemic goats.

Keywords: alteration, biochemistry, clinical signs, goat, pregnancy toxemia

Introduction

Pregnancy toxemia, also known as “twin-lamb” disease, is a metabolic disorder of pregnant small ruminants, caused by an abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, which occurs at the final stage of pregnancy [1]. Obese ewes or does carrying multiple fetuses are at higher risk to develop the disease because of the limited space for adequate intake of feed [2]. Rapid fetal development at the late gestation causes rapid mobilization of the fat stores to assure adequate energy. The liver also increases gluconeogenesis to facilitate glucose availability to the fetus. However, in the negative energy balance (NEB), this increased mobilization may overwhelm the capacity of the liver resulting in hepatic lipidosis. At the same time, ketone bodies are being produced and accumulated, which eventually leads to excessive ketone bodies in blood circulation, and thus increasing the susceptibility to pregnancy toxemia [3].

The early detection of pregnancy toxemia in susceptible animals is essential for successful treatment. In clinical pregnancy toxemia, the diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy, and the results of serum biochemical analyses [4].

While clinical pregnancy toxemia in sheep was relatively well studied, there is a paucity of information regarding metabolic changes in the clinical form of the disease, especially in goats. So, this study was planned.

Materials and Methods

Ethical approval

Samples were collected from clinical cases coming to Veterinary Hospital at Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. Hence, this particular study did not require ethical approval.

Study area

Anand district is situated at latitude 22° N and longitude 72° E with 2939.9 km2 areas in Gujarat, India, and witnessed a temperature range of 35-38°C with a maximum of 42°C, relative humidity of 57-55% and rainfall about 1-4 inch. The season in this area can be broadly classified into hot and dry summer from March to June, rainy (monsoon) season from July to October, and the winter (mild) season from November to February.

Study period

The data, recorded from the case records of Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College, Anand, were compiled and analyzed for a period of 6-month from June 1, 2015, to December 31, 2015.

Sample collection

All the cases of pregnancy toxemia were diagnosed using Rothera’s qualitative test from urine samples [5]. The blood samples were collected from jugular vein in 20 healthy pregnant as control and 45 pregnancy toxemic goats to carry out different laboratory and biochemical tests by standard kits. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were estimated by modified IFCC method (Coral Pvt. Ltd). Glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and creatinine were estimated by glucose oxidase-peroxidase, diacetylmonoxime, o-cresolphthalein complexone, calmagite, Molybdate U.V., and Mod. Zaffe’s Kinetic method. β-hydroxyl butyric acid (BHBA) was estimated by D-3-hydroxybutyrate kit and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were estimated by NEFA Kit (Randox Laboratories Ltd).

Statistical analysis

Data, obtained from biochemical parameters, were statistically analyzed by Student’s t-test as per the method described by Snedecor and Cochran [6]. T-test: Two samples assuming unequal variance were used for comparing of pregnancy toxemic and healthy goats biochemical parameters. Variables with p<0.05 were considered as statistically “significant,” variables with p<0.01 were considered as statistically “highly significant,” and variables with p>0.05 were considered as statistically “non-significant.”

Results

The vital signs like rectal temperature and respiration rate were normal, but heart rate was significantly increased than normal goats. The most significant clinical findings were observed in naturally affected goat with pregnancy toxemia included anorexia (100.00%), recumbency (100.00%), lethargy (86.67%), opisthotonos (73.33%), dropped head (62.22%), periodic convulsion (57.78%), sweetish fruity odor from breath (51.11%), apparent blindness (42.22%), bloat (40.00%), grinding of teeth (37.78%), and frothy salivation (24.44%) (Tables-1 and 2; Figures-1 and 2).

Table-1.

Vital signs observed in pregnancy toxemic and healthy goats.

Parameter (Units) Pregnancy toxemia infected (N=45) Healthy pregnant (N=20)
Rectal temperature (°F) 102.9±0.18 102.6±0.17
Heart rate (per minute) 81.16±0.75* 76.25±3.67
Respiration rate (per minute) 28.3±0.31 27±0.47
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*

p<0.05 (significant), N=Number of goats

Table-2.

Clinical variant recorded from pregnancy toxemic goats.

Clinical signs Total number of affected goats shown clinical symptoms (N=45) Percentage
Anorexia 45 100.00
Recumbency 45 100.00
Lethargy 39 86.67
Opisthotonos 33 73.33
Dropped head 28 62.22
Periodic convulsion 26 57.78
Sweetish fruity odor from breath 23 51.11
Apparent blindness 19 42.22
Bloat 18 40.00
Grinding of teeth 17 37.78
Frothy salivation 11 24.44
Star gazing 07 15.56
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N=Number of goats

Figure-1.

Figure-1

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Mean±standard error values of vital signs of healthy pregnant and pregnancy toxemic goats.

Figure-2.

Figure-2

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Clinical findings in pregnancy toxemic goats.

The study was aimed to evaluate the biochemical indicators in goats positive for naturally occurring pregnancy toxemia in comparison with normal healthy goats (Table-1). The mean values of SGPT (IU/L), SGOT (IU/L), glucose (mg/dl), BUN (mg/dl), creatinine (mg/dl), calcium (mg/dl), magnesium (mg/dl), phosphorus (mg/dl), BHBA (mmol/L) and NEFA (mmol/L) in 20 healthy pregnant goats were 50.02±0.68 (IU/L), 132.80±2.62 (IU/L), 64.62±1.19 (mg/dl), 18.57±0.59 (mg/dl), 0.99±0.11 (mg/dl), 9.55±0.34 (mg/dl), 3.04±0.14 (mg/dl), 6.91±0.52 (mg/dl), 0.46±0.83 (mmol/L) and 0.29±0.91 (mmol/L), respectively. Among various biochemical parameters evaluated from 45 pregnancy toxemic goats, the mean values of SGPT (84.23±1.44 IU/L), SGOT (216.01±4.07 IU/L), BUN (22.24±0.31 mg/dl), creatinine (2.13±0.09 mg/dl), BHBA 4.82±0.27 (mmol/L), and NEFA 1.67±0.71 (mmol/L) increased significantly in goats with pregnancy toxemia. Whereas, the level of glucose (30.89±0.38 mg/dl) and calcium (8.10±0.20 mg/dl) decreased significantly in goats with pregnancy toxemia (Table-3 and Figure-3).

Table-3.

Biochemical parameters of healthy pregnant and pregnancy toxemia affected goats.

Parameters Mean±SE
Healthy pregnant (N=20) Pregnancy toxemia (N=45)
SGPT (IU/L) 50.02±0.68 84.23±1.44**
SGOT (IU/L) 132.80±2.62 216.01±4.07**
Glucose (mg/dl) 64.62±1.19 30.89±0.38**
BUN (mg/dl) 18.57±0.59 22.24±0.31**
Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.99±0.11 2.13±0.09**
Calcium (mg/dl) 9.55±0.34 8.10±0.20**
Magnesium (mg/dl) 3.04±0.14 2.74±0.09
Phosphorus (mg/dl) 6.91±0.52 6.72±0.15
BHBA (mmol/L) 0.46±0.83 4.82±0.27**
NEFA (mmol/L) 0.29±0.91 1.67±0.71**
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**

p<0.01 (highly significant). N=Number of goats, SGOT=Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, SGPT=Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, BUN=Blood urea nitrogen, BHBA=β-hydroxybutyric acid

Figure-3.

Figure-3

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Mean±standard error values of biochemical parameters of healthy pregnant and pregnancy toxemic goats.

Discussion

In this study, rectal temperature and respiratory rate were found within normal range, which were contrast to Rodolfo et al. [7], who reported increased body temperature. In this study, increased heart rate (81.16±0.75/min) substantiated the findings of Manokaran et al. [8], Balikci et al. [9], and Reddy et al. [10]. Anorexia was observed in all cases which were in agreement with Scott and Woodman [11], El-Sebaie [12], Andrews [13], Balikci et al. [9], Barakat et al. [14], Al-Qudah [15], Manokaran et al. [8], Abdelaal et al. [16], Souto et al. [17], Reddy et al. [10], Rodolfo et al. [7], and Rani et al. [18]. Depression of feed intake before kidding has been considered a major factor in the development of the pregnancy toxemia. Accumulation of fat in the liver occurred during periods of elevated fat mobilization, especially in goats with excessive fat body reserves at kidding. During this period, incomplete breakdown of NEFA was responsible for the production of ketone bodies. Due to lack of energy and hypocalcemia, there was recumbency in the pregnancy toxemic goat which was in agreement with Scott and Woodman [11], El-Sebaie [12], Andrews [13], Balikci et al. [9], Barakat et al. [14], Hefnawy et al. [19], Al-Qudah [15], Abdelaal et al. [16], and Reddy et al. [10]. 23 (51.11%) goats presented with sweetish fruity odor from breath. Similar clinical findings in goat with pregnancy toxemia were recorded by Balikci et al. [9], Hefnawy et al. [20], Abdelaal et al. [16], and Rani et al. [18]. The sweetish odor which was a typical characteristic of ketone bodies which was increased in pregnancy toxemia. 11 (24.44%) goats presented with frothy salivation were in agreement with Balikci et al. [9] and Barakat et al. [14]. Chew movement and salivation were seen in the nervous form of pregnancy toxemia in does. The teeth grinding behavior in 17 (37.78%) goats suffered from pregnancy toxemia was in agreement with Balikci et al. [9], Abdelaal at al. [16], Reddy et al. [10], and Rani et al. [18]. It was due to the cerebral hypoglycemia which results teeth gnashing behavior. 39 (86.67%) goats presented with lethargy in agreement with Andrews [13] and Reddy et al. [10]. It was due to lack of adequate glucose in body for the production of energy. 19 (42.22%) goats presented with apparent blindness were in agreement with El-Sebaie [12], Andrews [13], Barakat et al. [14], and Al-Qudah [15]. Nervous degeneration was due to cerebral hypoglycemia resulted into apparent blindness. 22 (57.58%) goats present with convulsion due to nervous manifestation because of hypoglycemia and ketonemia were in agreement with Hefnawy et al. [20]. 18 (40.00%) goats presented with bloat were in agreement with Souto et al. [17], Rodolfo et al. [7], and Rani et al. [18] and the bloat was due to longer time recumbency, anorexia, stasis of rumen motility, and ketoacidosis. 28 (62.22%) goats presented with dropped head were in agreement with Abdelaal et al. [16] and Reddy et al. [10]. Dropped head condition was nervous manifestation due to lack of energy in the nervous form of pregnancy toxemia. 34 (75.56%) goats, presented with the extension of head, were in agreement with Abdelaal et al. [16]. 7 (15.56%) goats, presented with stargazing posture due to the nervous degeneration, were in agreement with Andrews [13], Barakat et al. [14], and Rani et al. [18]. 33 (73.33%) goats presented with opisthotonos were in agreement with Reddy et al. [10] and the opisthotonos was due to hypoglycemia, ketonemia, and neurodegeneration.

Increased SGPT and SGOT level of the present study were in agreement with report of Barakat et al. [14], Gupta et al. [21], Balikci et al. [9], Hefnawy et al. [19], Abdelaal et al. [16], Albay et al. [22], Anoushepour et al. [23], Reddy et al. [10], Marutsova [24], and Abba et al. [25]. In contrast with the present study, Gupta et al. [21] reported decreased values of SGPT and SGOT. In this study, SGPT and SGOT were increased due to fat mobilization because of NEB and hepatic damage or hepatic lipidosis. Due to energy deficiency, the body used its fatty tissue which reserves as a source of energy and increased response of free circulating free fatty acids that reach to the liver so, subsequent induce fatty infiltration.

Increased BUN and creatinine level were in agreement with report of Kolb and Kaskom [26], Barakat et al. [14], Hefnawy et al. [19], Lima et al. [4], Abdelaal et al. [16], Souto et al. [17], Anoushepour et al. [23], Rodolfo et al. [7], and Reddy et al. [10]. In this study, BUN and creatinine were increased suggested that involvement of kidney due to catabolism. Increased BUN and creatinine attributed to severe kidney dysfunction accompanied with acidosis which is the result of increased ketone body in general circulation. There was fatty infiltration in tubular epithelium of kidney in pregnancy toxemic goat leads to elevation of both parameters.

Decreased glucose level of the present study was in agreement with result of many researcher such as McClymont and Setchell [27], Robert [28], Lindsay and Pethick [29], Buswell et al. [30], Cantley et al. [31], El-Sebaie [12], Scott and Woodman [11], Andrews [13], Henze et al. [32], Marteniuk and Herdt [33], Gupta et al. [21], Barakat et al. [14], Ismail et al. [34], Schlumbohm and Harmeyer [35], Balikci et al. [9], Hefnawy et al. [20], Al-Qudah [15], Hefnawy et al. [19], Manokaran et al. [8], Abdelaal et al. [16], Anoushepour et al. [23], Albay et al. [22], Sharma et al. [36], Reddy et al. [10], Gurdogan et al. [37] and Rani et al. [18]. However, in contrast to the present study, report of Souto et al. [17] and Lima et al. [4] showed hyperglycemia in the later stages of pregnancy toxemia when the fetuses were dead. Hypoglycemia was due to dietary deficiency of net energy along with the increased demand for energy in the later part of pregnancy due to twin or triplet. Due to increased BHBA, there was NEB, which causes hypoglycemic effect, reduced food intake and glucose turnover leads to pregnancy toxemia.

Decreased calcium level of the present findings was in agreement with results of Jopp and Quinlivan [38], Anoushepour et al. [23], Hefnawy et al. [19], Manokaran et al. [8], Souto et al. [17], Albay et al. [22], Rodolfo et al. [7], Reddy et al. [10], and Rani et al. [18]. Decreased calcium level might be due to high need of calcium for fetal skeleton development. When doe carry twin or triplet in last trimester, there was a greater risk of the development of pregnancy toxemia. Magnesium and phosphorus level were found in the normal range which substantiated the findings of Hefnawy et al. [19] and Ismail et al. [34]. In contrast to the present study, Souto et al. [17] and Rodolfo et al. [7] reported decreased phosphorus level in pregnancy toxemia.

Increased BHBA level was in agreement with report of Scott and Woodman [11], Ismail et al. [34], Balikci et al. [9], Al-Qudah [15], Hefnawy et al. [19], Gonzalez et al. [39], Abdelaal et al. [16], Olfati et al. [40], Anoushepour et al. [23], Gurdogan et al. [37], Sharma et al. [14], and Marutsova [24]. Increased NEFA level was in agreement with the report of Marteniuk and Herdt [33], Olfati et al. [40], Anoushepour et al. [23], and Sharma et al. [14]. The increases in the serum BHBA and NEFA level could be attributed to the lipolysis of tissue and the release of long-chain fatty acids, which were converted by the liver into ketones in goats. Moreover, these increased could be attributed to disturbance in carbohydrate and fat metabolism leading to hypoglycemia and mobilization of fat stores which lead to hepatic ketogenesis according to Rook [41] and Hefnawy et al. [19].

Conclusion

The goats with naturally occurring pregnancy toxemia exhibited clinical signs includes anorexia, recumbency, sweetish fruity odor from breath, apparent blindness, bloat, grinding of teeth, and frothy salivation. Characteristic biochemical pattern associated with pregnancy toxemia in goats showed that there were decreased the level of glucose and calcium, and increased levels of SGPT, SGOT, BUN, creatinine, BHBA and NEFA.

In the present surveillance, from June to December, the most of animals which shown the clinical sign of recumbency, were suffered from pregnancy toxemia which was confirmed by biochemical tests and urine analysis.

Authors’ Contributions

This study was a part of PRV’s original research work during M.V.Sc. thesis program. RGJ had designed the plan of work. HVG and FBT helped during sampling, statistical analysis, and manuscript preparation. SDR helped in the laboratory work. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. Authors are thankful to the staff of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex and Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry at College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, as well as goat-owners of different areas of Anand town for their valuable cooperation.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

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