Table 2.

Risk of Bias Table (Cochrane Back Review Group, 2009)

	Was the Method of Randomization Adequate?	Was the Treatment Allocation Concealment Successful?	Was the Patient Blinded to the Intervention?	Was the Care Provider Blinded to the Intervention?	Was the Outcome Assessor Blinded to the Intervention?	Was the Dropout Rate Described and Acceptable?	Were All Randomized Participants Analyzed in the Group to Which They Were Allocated?	Are Reports of the Study Free of Suggestion of Selective Outcome Reporting?	Were the Groups Similar at Baseline Regarding the Most Important Prognostic Factors?	Were Co-Interventions Avoided or Similar?	Was the Compliance Acceptable in All Groups?	Was the Timing of the Outcome Assessment Similar in All Groups?	Total Score (Scores Greater Than 6 Are Considered Low RoB)
Waagen 198633	?	?	Yes	No	Yesa	No	No	Yes	Yes	Nof	No (66%)j	Yes	5
Hadler 198745	?	?	Yes	No	Yesa	Yesb	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (95%)j	Yes	8
Triano 199535	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yesa	No	No	Yes	Yesh	Yes	Yes (81%)j	Yes	9
Hoiiris 200446	Yes	?	Noi	Noc	Noa, i	Yes	No	Yes	Yesd	Yese	Yes (79/82%)k	Yes	7
Ghroubi 200749	Yes	?	Yes	No	Yesa	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (100%)j	Yes	10
Kawchuk 200948	?	?	Yes	No	Yesa	Yesg	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes (100%)j	Yes	8
Senna 201144	Yes	?	Yes	No	Yesa	No (described but unacceptable)	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (94%)	Yes	8
Von Heymann 201350	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yesa	No	No	?	Yes	Yes	No (75%)	Yes	7
Bialosky 201447	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (100%)	Yes	10

^aOutcome assessor is participant when rating self-report scales like the VAS, RMLBPDQ, or OLBPDQ.

^b< 10%; yes = 1, no = 0, ? = unclear.

^cAlthough authors claim the chiropractor was blinded, this would be impossible.

^dBetween the intervention and sham.

^eBoth also received placebo medicine.

^fSoft tissue performed in sham group only.

^gNo dropouts.

^hSome analysis of height and weight.

ⁱBlinding of participant was tested, and perception of true chiropractic care was significantly higher in chiropractic group (P < .05).

^jThe authors did not report compliance directly, so we have inferred compliance from people completing the treatment program.

^kBased on medication logs or kits, respectively.