Figure 2. Level of pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulated by wild type (Ld1S), LdCen1^−/− and Ldp27^−/− parasites in culture supernatant of PBMCs obtained from Healthy, HVL, VL and PKDL patients.

The results are expressed as scattering of individual values and data are given as Mean ± SEM (pg/ml) of (a) IL-12, (b) IFN-γ, (c) TNF-α, (d) IL-2, (e) IL-6 and (f) IL-17. Significance was determined by Mann-Whitney U test. P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.