Table 2.
Regression coefficients from multiple linear regression analysis on the association between diabetes status and EQ-VAS score
| Basic model (R2 = 0.184) | Extended model (R2 = 0.192) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | β-coefficients [95 % CI] | p-value | β-coefficients [95 % CI] | p-value |
| Intercept | 79.3 [73.0; 85.6] | <.0001 | 78.1 [71.8; 84.5] | <.0001 |
| Diabetes | −11.5 [−13.5; −9.6]* | <.0001 | −10.7 [−12.7; −8.6]* | <.0001 |
| Age | −0.2 [−0.3; −0.1]* | 0.0009 | −0.1 [−0.2; 0.0]* | 0.0142 |
| Male (ref = female) | 4.7 [2.4; 7.0]* | <.0001 | 4.6 [2.3; 6.9]* | <.0001 |
| BMI (ref = <25) | ||||
| Overweight (25–30) | 0.9 [−1.2; 3.0] | 0.392 | 1.0 [−1.1; 3.0] | 0.3619 |
| Obese (>30) | −1.1 [−4.2; 2.0] | 0.4865 | −0.9 [−4.0; 2.2] | 0.5596 |
| Education (ref = no formal education) | ||||
| Primary | 3.4 [0.1; 6.8]* | 0.0462 | 3.7 [0.3; 7.0]* | 0.0333 |
| Secondary | 4.4 [1.4; 7.5]* | 0.0044 | 4.8 [1.7; 7.9]* | 0.0021 |
| Higher secondary and above | 7.4 [4.1; 10.6]* | <.0001 | 7.7 [4.4; 11.0]* | <.0001 |
| Income (ref = Q1) | ||||
| Q2 | 2.4 [−0.4; 5.1] | 0.0875 | 2.3 [−0.4; 5.1] | 0.0943 |
| Q3 | 2.3 [−0.5; 5.1] | 0.1079 | 2.4 [−0.4; 5.2] | 0.0934 |
| Q4 | 5.0 [2.1; 7.9]* | 0.0008 | 5.1 [2.2; 8.0]* | 0.0006 |
| Married (vs single) | 0.8 [−1.9; 3.5] | 0.5763 | 0.7 [−2.0; 3.3] | 0.6334 |
| Unemployed/retired | −0.7 (−4.1; 2.7] | 0.6743 | −0.7 [−4.1; 2.7] | 0.6972 |
| Smoking | 0.1 [−2.4; 2.5] | 0.9459 | 0.3 [−2.2; 2.7] | 0.8398 |
| Comorbodities | ||||
| CVD | - | −2.0 [−6.0; 2.0] | 0.3269 | |
| Kidney_disease | - | −2.6 [−6.8; 1.6] | 0.2302 | |
| Neuro_disease | - | −4.3 [−9.4; 0.7] | 0.0935 | |
| Eye_problem | - | −2.1 [−4.1; 0.0]* | 0.0479 | |
Results from multiple linear regression based on n = 591 cases and n = 591 controls; *p-value <0.05