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Dual roles of TGF-β1 on glioma development. TGF-β1 induction of miR-195 represses SMAD7 through direct targeting at its 3′UTRs, and TGF-β1 reduction of miR-205 increases SMAD2 via reducing miR-205 targeting SMAD2. The two ways enhance TGF-β1 signal pathway by promoting the heteromer formation of SMAD2 and SMAD4 directly or indirectly.
