Table 3.
Frequency of mention of local indicators of climate change
| Local indicator | Frequency (%) | % Case studies reporting the indicator | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Local observations of climate change | |||
| Temperature | Mean temperature | 53 (7.1) | 54.64 |
| Temperature extremes | 22 (2.9) | 22.68 | |
| Temperature fluctuations/unpredictable weather | 22 (2.9) | 22.68 | |
| Total | 97 (13.0) | 67.01 | |
| Precipitation (rainfall and snowfall) | Mean precipitation | 54 (7.2) | 55.67 |
| Precipitation extremes | 17 (2.3) | 17.53 | |
| Precipitation distribution | 41 (5.5) | 42.27 | |
| Drought | 22 (2.9) | 22.68 | |
| Clouds and fog | 9 (1.2) | 9.28 | |
| Total | 143 (19.2) | 76.29 | |
| Wind | Wind speed / direction /temporality | 29 (3.9) | 29.90 |
| Storm/Storm surges/Hail Storms/Dust storms | 22 (2.9) | 22.68 | |
| Cyclones and tornadoes | 9 (1.2) | 9.28 | |
| Total | 60 (8.0) | 39.18 | |
| Total | 300 (40.2) | ||
| Observed impacts on physical systems | |||
| Hydrology | Mean river flow/lake level | 15 (2.0) | 15.46 |
| Floods | 20 (2.7) | 20.62 | |
| Fresh water (includes underground) availability/quality | 25 (3.3) | 25.77 | |
| River bank erosion/sedimentation | 4 (0.6) | 4.12 | |
| Total | 64 (8.6) | 49.48 | |
| Cryosphere | Snow cover | 21 (2.8) | 21.65 |
| Ice sheet/lake and river ice | 18 (2.4) | 18.56 | |
| Glaciers | 12 (1.6) | 12.37 | |
| Permafrost | 7 (0.9) | 7.22 | |
| Sea ice | 13 (1.7) | 13.40 | |
| Total | 71 (9.5) | 37.11 | |
| Coastal systems | Sealevel rise (island recede) | 14 (1.9) | 14.43 |
| Coastal erosion | 5 (0.7) | 5.15 | |
| Total | 19 (2.6) | 17.53 | |
| Soil | Soil moisture | 7(0.9) | 7.22 |
| Soil erosion/landslides | 11 (1.5) | 11.34 | |
| Total | 18 (2.4) | 15.46 | |
| Geological system | Earthquakes and tsunamis | 1 (0.1) | 1.03 |
| Total | 1 (0.1) | 1.03 | |
| Total | 173 (23.2) | ||
| Observed impacts on biological systems | |||
| Terrestrial | Plant and fungal phenology | 14 (1.9) | 14.43 |
| Animal phenology | 10 (1.3) | 10.31 | |
| Distribution/abundance of plant species | 13 (1.7) | 13.40 | |
| Distribution/abundance of animal species | 21 (2.8) | 21.65 | |
| Habitat degradation (e.g. desertification) | 9 (1.2) | 9.28 | |
| Total | 61 (9.0) | 40.20 | |
| Marine | Sea surface temperature | 2 (0.3) | 2.06 |
| Distribution of marine species | 14 (1.9) | 14.43 | |
| Total | 16 (2.1) | 15.46 | |
| Freshwater | Change in fish behavior/migratory pattern | 9 (1.2) | 9.28 |
| Total | 9 (1.2) | 9.28 | |
| Seasonal events | Shifts in seasonal patterns | 21 (2.8) | 21.65 |
| Duration of seasonal events | 29 (3.9) | 29.90 | |
| Total | 50 (6.7) | 41.24 | |
| Total | 142(19.0) | ||
| Observed Impacts on Socio-Economic Systems and Health | |||
| Agricultural systems | Growing season for agricultural crops/phenology | 11 (1.5) | 11.34 |
| Crop productivity | 17 (1.3) | 17.53 | |
| Soil degradation/fertility | 5 (0.7) | 5.15 | |
| Crop diseases, pests, and weeds | 15 (2.0) | 15.46 | |
| Total | 48(6.4) | 30.93 | |
| Forests systems | Forest cover change | 9 (1.2) | 9.28 |
| Forest fires | 6 (0.8) | 6.19 | |
| Decrease in forest products availability/quality | 11 (1.5) | 11.34 | |
| Total | 26 (3.5) | 21.65 | |
| Pastoral systems | Pasture availability | 6 (0.8) | 6.19 |
| Livestock productivity/disease/quality/behavior | 13 | 13.40 | |
| Total | 19 (2.6) | 15.46 | |
| Fisheries | Fish stock decline/ fish morphology | 13 (1.7) | 13.40 |
| Total | 13 (1.7) | 13.40 | |
| Human health | Diseases | 16 (2.1) | 16.49 |
| Health injuries | 3 (0.4) | 3.09 | |
| Hunger | 4 (0.5) | 4.12 | |
| Total | 23 (3.1) | 20.62 | |
| Transport | Trails | 2 (0.3) | 2.06 |
| Total | 2 (0.3) | 2.06 | |
| Total | 131 (17.6) | ||