Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is one of the most common neurosensory disorders in humans. The incidence of SNHL is estimated to be 1 in 500–1000 newborns. In more than half of these patients, the hearing loss is associated with genetic causes. In Japan, genetic testing for the patients with SNHL using the Invader assay to screen for 46 mutations in 13 deafness genes was approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for inclusion in social health insurance coverage in 2012. Furthermore, from August 2015, this genetic testing has been expanded to screen for 154 mutations in 19 deafness genes using targeted genomic enrichment with massively parallel DNA sequencing combined with the Invader assay and TaqMan genotyping. For this study we analyzed 717 unrelated Japanese hearing loss patients. The total allele frequency of 154 mutations in 19 deafness genes was 32.64% (468/1434) and the total numbers of cases associated with at least one mutation was 44.07% (316/717). Among these, we were able to diagnose 212 (30%) patients, indicating that the present screening could efficiently identify causative mutations in hearing loss patients. It is noteworthy that 27 patients (3.8%) had coexistent multiple mutations in different genes. Five of these 27 patients (0.7%, 5/717 overall) were diagnosed with genetic hearing loss affected by concomitant with responsible mutations in more than two different genes. For patients identified with multiple mutations in different genes, it is necessary to consider that several genes might have an impact on their phenotypes.
Introduction
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is one of the most common neurosensory disorders in humans. The incidence of SNHL is estimated to be 1 in 500–1000 newborns [1,2]. The hearing loss in more than half of these patients is associated with genetic causes [1,2]. This form of hearing loss is extremely heterogeneous, with over 80 genes known to be responsible for non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL—hearing loss in the absence of other phenotypic findings), although more than 140 loci have been mapped [3]. The genetic diagnosis of SNHL is becoming more important to its precise diagnosis for the prediction of the severity and progressiveness of the hearing loss as well as late-onset associated symptoms. Furthermore, such information is useful for the selection of an appropriate intervention.
In Japan, genetic testing for patients with SNHL using the Invader assay to screen for 46 mutations in 13 deafness genes was approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for inclusion in social health insurance coverage in 2012. Furthermore, from August 2015, this genetic testing has been expanded to screen for 154 mutations in 19 deafness genes using targeted genomic enrichment with massively parallel DNA sequencing (TGE+MPS) combined with the Invader assay and TaqMan genotyping. We have recently reported the efficacy of this genetic testing protocol; i.e., TGE+MPS combined with the Invader assay and TaqMan genotyping, in identifying the responsible genes, and also suggested that it offered economic benefits [4].
However, TGE+MPS analysis provides results for hundreds or even thousands of variants, including those of uncertain pathogenicity and variant annotation and interpretation of MPS data requires due caution.
From the point of view of social health insurance-based genetic testing, the cost-effectiveness and robustness of the results need to be considered. Therefore, we focused on the variants of 154 mutations in 19 deafness genes that have been identified and reported in the Japanese hearing loss population.
In this study, we aimed to show (1) the frequency of mutations by screening of 154 mutations in 19 deafness genes in Japanese hearing loss patients, (2) the efficacy of this protocol with regard to social health insurance-based genetic testing, and (3) the frequency of multiple mutations.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
We analyzed 717 DNA samples from unrelated Japanese hearing loss patients enrolled from 53 clinical centers nationwide. All subjects had presumed non-syndromic SNHL. In this study, written informed consent was obtained from all participants (proband and their affected and unaffected relatives). This study was approved by the ethical committee of Shinshu University and each participating institution as described previously [5]. Clinical information and blood samples were obtained from each proband and their affected and unaffected relatives.
Methods
We used the Invader assay, TaqMan genotyping assay and TGE+MPS. There were two reasons why we performed the three tests simultaneously; first the Invader assay is superior in terms of cost for the detection of mutations in mitochondrial DNA with various heteroplasmy rates and, second, the TaqMan genotyping assay is able to detect KCNQ4 c.211delC mutations that are technically difficult to identify using the TGE+MPS employed due to their location in the extremely GC-rich region.
Invader assay
We first applied the Invader assay to screen for 46 known mutations in 13 deafness genes based on the mutation spectrum in the Japanese deafness population, the detail procedure for which was described previously [6].
TaqMan genotyping assay
For additional screening, TaqMan genotyping assays for KCNQ4 c.211delC were applied for all subjects. The detail procedure was described previously [5].
Amplicon Library Preparation
An Amplicon library of the target exons was prepared with an Ion AmpliSeq™ Custom Panel (Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies) for 63 genes reported to cause non-syndromic hearing loss [3]. The detailed protocol was described elsewhere [7].
Emulsion PCR and Sequencing
The emulsion PCR and MPS was performed with an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) system using the Ion PGM™ 200 Sequencing Kit and Ion 318™ Chip (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Base Call and Data Analysis
The sequence data were processed with standard Ion Torrent Suite™ Software ver 4.0 with the Hot Spot BED option as described previously [5]. After variant detection, variant effects were analyzed using the wANNOVAR web site [8,9].
Results
Frequency of the 154 mutations in 19 deafness genes
Variants identified using the three genetic tests are listed in S1 Table. The allele frequencies of each variant identified among the 717 patients and 269 controls are shown in Table 1. In the group of 717 hearing loss patients, the total allele frequency of 154 mutations in 19 deafness genes was 32.64%(468/1434). Mutations were most frequently found in the GJB2 gene (18.76%, 269/1434 alleles). The second most frequent mutation was in the SLC26A4 gene (5.30%, 76/1434 alleles), followed by the CDH23 gene (3.97%, 57/1434 alleles); this result was generally consistent with the results in previous reports [6,10,11]. In this study, no EYA1, MYO7A, or POU3F4 gene mutations were detected in any of the 717 hearing loss patients. In the group of 269 controls, the total allele frequency was 5.39% (29/538 alleles), and the most common mutations in the controls were those in GJB2 (1.86%, 10/538 alleles). None of the controls in this study had hearing complications. The mutations identified from them indicated carrier status.
Table 1. Mutations found in the present study.
| Hearing loss patients (n = 717) | Control (n = 269) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene | NM number | Amino acid change | Nucleotide change | Frequency of mutant alleles (n = 1434) | Number of patients | Frequency of mutant alleles (n = 538) | Number of controls |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.M195V | c.583A>G | 4 (0.28%) | 4 (0.56%) | 0 | 0 |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.F191L | c.571T>C | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.E187_K188delins EKTVFTVFMIAVSGIX | c.558_559ins46 | 2 (0.14%) | 2 (0.28%) | 0 | 0 |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.A171fs | c.511_512insAACG | 5 (0.35%) | 5 (0.70%) | 0 | 0 |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.R143W | c.427C>T | 24 (1.67%) | 22 (3.07%) | 0 | 0 |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.G45E,Y136X | c.134G>A,408C>A | 35 (2.44%) | 32 (4.46%) | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.F106Y | c.317T>A | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.H100fs | c.299_300delAT | 10 (0.70%) | 9 (1.25%) | 0 | 0 |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.T86R | c.257C>G | 11 (0.77%) | 10 (1.39%) | 0 | 0 |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.L79fs | c.235delC | 122 (8.51%) | 90 (12.55%) | 3 (0.56%) | 3 (1.12%) |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.I71T | c.212T>C | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.G59fs | c.176_191del16 | 19 (1.32%) | 18 (2.51%) | 0 | 0 |
| GJB2 | NM_004004 | p.V37I | c.109G>A | 36 (2.51%) | 29 (4.04%) | 4 (0.74%) | 4 (1.49%) |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | p.P123S | c.367C>T | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | p.M147V | c.439A>G | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | splice site | c.601-1G>A | 5 (0.35%) | 5 (0.70%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | p.V306fs | c.916dupG | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | splice site | c.919-2A>G | 4 (0.28%) | 3 (0.42%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | splice site | c.1001+1G>A | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | p.N392Y | c.1174A>T | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | p.T410M | c.1229C>T | 15 (1.05%) | 12 (1.67%) | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | p.G439R | c.1315G>A | 2 (0.14%) | 2 (0.28%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | p.T527P | c.1579A>C | 3 (0.21%) | 3 (0.42%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | p.F550fs | c.1648dupT | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | p.V659L | c.1975G>C | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | p.T721M | c.2162C>T | 3 (0.21%) | 2 (0.28%) | 0 | 0 |
| SLC26A4 | NM_000441 | p.H723R | c.2168A>G | 37 (2.58%) | 31 (4.32%) | 2 (0.37%) | 2 (0.74%) |
| CDH23 | NM_052836 | p.P240L | c.719C>T | 28 (1.95%) | 24 (3.35%) | 2 (0.37%) | 2 (0.74%) |
| CDH23 | NM_001171930 | p.E956K | c.2866G>A | 2 (0.14%) | 2 (0.28%) | 0 | 0 |
| CDH23 | NM_022124 | p.R1417W | c.4249C>T | 2 (0.14%) | 1 (0.14%) | 2 (0.37%) | 2 (0.74%) |
| CDH23 | NM_022124 | p.R1588W | c.4762C>T | 13 (0.91%) | 13 (1.81%) | 0 | 0 |
| CDH23 | NM_022124 | p.Q1716P | c.5147A>C | 3 (0.21%) | 3 (0.42%) | 0 | 0 |
| CDH23 | NM_022124 | p.R2029W | c.6085C>T | 8 (0.56%) | 7 (0.98%) | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| CDH23 | NM_022124 | p.N2287K | c.6861T>G | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| KCNQ4 | NM_004700 | p.Q71fs | c.211delC | 8 (0.56%) | 8 (1.12%) | 0 | 0 |
| KCNQ4 | NM_004700 | p.F182L | c.546C>G | 6 (0.42%) | 6 (0.84%) | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| TMPRSS3 | NM_032404 | p.A260T | c.778G>A | 2 (0.14%) | 2 (0.28%) | 0 | 0 |
| TMPRSS3 | NM_032405 | p.R106C | c.316C>T | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| TMPRSS3 | NM_032405 | p.F71S | c.212T>C | 12 (0.84%) | 12 (1.67%) | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| OTOF | NM_194323 | p.R1172Q | c.3515G>A | 9 (0.63%) | 8 (1.12%) | 0 | 0 |
| OTOF | NM_194248 | p.Y474X | c.1422T>A | 3 (0.21%) | 3 (0.42%) | 0 | 0 |
| OTOF | NM_194248 | p.R425X | c.1273C>T | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| MYO15A | NM_016239 | p.L3138Q | c.9413T>A | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 4 (0.74%) | 4 (1.49%) |
| MYO15A | NM_016239 | p.L3160F | c.9478C>T | 9 (0.63%) | 9 (1.25%) | 0 | 0 |
| WFS1 | NM_006005 | p.A616S | c.1846G>T | 1 (0.07%) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| WFS1 | NM_006005 | p.A684V | c.2051C>T | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| WFS1 | NM_006005 | p.P724L | c.2171C>T | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| WFS1 | NM_006005 | p.D729N | c.2185G>A | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| WFS1 | NM_006005 | p.E864K | c.2590G>A | 2 (0.14%) | 2 (0.28%) | 0 | 0 |
| COCH | NM_004086 | p.I372T | c.1115T>C | 3 (0.21%) | 3 (0.42%) | 0 | 0 |
| ACTG1 | NM_001614 | p.G268S | c.802G>A | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| ACTG1 | NM_001614 | p.E241K | c.721G>A | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| ACTG1 | NM_001614 | p.K118M | c.353A>T | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| TECTA | NM_005422 | p.R491C | c.1471C>T | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| TECTA | NM_005422 | p.T562M | c.1685C>T | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| TECTA | NM_005422 | p.H1400Y | c.4198C>T | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 1 (0.19%) | 1 (0.37%) |
| TECTA | NM_005422 | p.T1866M | c.5597C>T | 1 (0.07%) | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 |
| CRYM | NM_001888 | p.K314T | c.941A>C | 2 (0.14%) | 2 (0.28%) | 0 | 0 |
| Mitochondrial 12S rRNA | NC_012920 | m.1555A>G | - | 11 (1.53%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Mitochondrial tRNALeu | NC_012920 | m.3243A>G | - | 14 (1.95%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Mitochondrial tRNASer | NC_012920 | m.7445A>G | - | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Mitochondrial tRNALys | NC_012920 | m.8296A>G | - | 1 (0.14%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | 468 (32.64%) | 430 | 29 (5.39%) | 29 | |||
Diagnostic rate and clinical features
We identified 316 SNHL patients who carried at least one mutation in the selected deafness genes (44%), and diagnosed 212 patients with hearing loss of specific genetic cause (30%) among the 717 hearing loss patients. As shown in Table 2, this genetic testing enabled us to identify the genetic cause of hearing loss in 21%, 43% and 30% of patients when segregated into autosomal dominant or mitochondrial, autosomal recessive or sporadic SNHL, respectively, among the diagnosed 212 patients. When classified by severity of hearing loss, the diagnostic rate was 43% among those categorized with profound, which is relatively high, but only15% in those categorized with mild SNHL. When classified by age-of-onset as early childhood (<6 year) or late (>6 year), the diagnostic rate was 41% in younger category, but only 16% in the late-onset cases.
Table 2. Diagnostic rate and clinical features.
| Diagnosis (n) | Total (n) | Diagnostic rate | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inheritance | |||
| Autosomal dominat or Mitochondrial | 31 | 151 | 21% |
| Autosomal recessive | 49 | 114 | 43% |
| Sporadic | 81 | 267 | 30% |
| Not provided | 185 | ||
| Severity of hearing loss | |||
| Mild (21-40dB) | 15 | 100 | 15% |
| Moderate (41-70dB) | 42 | 193 | 22% |
| Sever (71-90dB) | 20 | 80 | 25% |
| Profound (91dB-) | 59 | 136 | 43% |
| Not provided | 208 | ||
| Onset of hearing loss | |||
| Early (0–6 y.o.) | 108 | 261 | 41% |
| Late (>6 y.o.) | 29 | 178 | 16% |
| Not provided | 278 |
Fig 1 shows the distribution of number of patients with mutations in each gene according to hearing loss severity and age-of-onset. GJB2 mutations were identified in patients with hearing loss ranging from mild to profound. SLC26A4 and CDH23 mutations were frequently identified in patients with severe to profound hearing loss, whereas KCNQ4 gene mutations and m.3243A>G mutations were frequently identified in patients with hearing loss ranging from mild to moderate. Regarding the onset of hearing loss, mutations in GJB2 and SLC26A4 were principally found in the early-onset group. In contrast, most of the patients with mutations in KCNQ4, COCH or mitochondrial DNA were identified as late-onset.
Fig 1. The distribution of genes identified by hearing loss severity (A) and age-of-onset (B).
blue: mild, red: moderate, green: severe, purple: profound.
Frequency of multiple mutations
As shown in Table 3, 27 patients (3.8% = 27/717) carried multiple mutations in multiple genes. In particular, mitochondrial mutations and mutations in the GJB2 gene were frequently observed. Of these 27 patients, 8 had mitochondrial mutations together with mutations in other deafness genes, and 6 carried bi-allelic mutations in the GJB2 gene together with mutations in other deafness genes.
Table 3. Cases with multiple mutations.
| Causative mutation(s) | Coexistent mutation(s) | Number of patients | Patient ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mitochondria m.1555A>G; CDH23: p.[V1417W];[V1417W] | 1 | HL0718 | |
| Mitochondria m.3243A>G; KCNQ4: p.[F182L] | GJB2: p.[G45E],[Y136X] | 1 | HL0239 |
| CDH23: p.[P240L];[P240L]; KCNQ4: p.[F182L] | 1 | HL0813 | |
| CDH23: p.[Q1716P];[R2029W]; CRYM: p.[K314T] | 2 | HL0349, HL400 | |
| Mitochondria m.1555A>G | GJB2: p.[R143W] | 1 | HL0257 |
| Mitochondria m.1555A>G | SLC26A4: p.[H723R] | 1 | HL0263 |
| Mitochondria m.3243A>G | TMPRSS3: p.[F71S] | 2 | HL0041, HL0613 |
| Mitochondria m.3243A>G | SLC26A4: p.[H723R] | 1 | HL0086 |
| Mitochondria m.3243A>G | MYO15A: p.[L3160F] | 1 | HL0795 |
| Mitochondria m.3243A>G | CDH23: p.[P240L] | 1 | HL0883 |
| GJB2: c.[235delC];[235delC] | OTOF: p.[Y474X] | 1 | HL0222 |
| GJB2: c.[235delC];p.[R143W] | OTOF: p.[R425X] | 1 | HL0369 |
| GJB2: c.[235delC];[235delC] | MYO15A: p.[L3160F] | 1 | HL0290 |
| GJB2: p.[V37I];[R143W] | TMPRSS3: p.[F71S] | 1 | HL0503 |
| GJB2: c.[235delC];p.[R143W] | MYO15A: p.[L3160F] | 1 | HL0633 |
| GJB2: c.[235delC];p.[R143W] | TMPRSS3: p.[F71S] | 1 | HL0750 |
| KCNQ4: p.[F182L] | GJB2: p.[F106L] | 1 | HL0706 |
| KCNQ4: p.[F182L] | MYO15A: p.[L3160F] | 1 | HL0415 |
| SLC26A4: c.[1001+1G>A];p.[T410M] | TMPRSS3: p.[F71S] | 1 | HL0375 |
| SLC26A4: c.[1648dupT];p.[H723R] | GJB2: p.[V37I] | 1 | HL0562 |
| SLC26A4: c.[601-1G>A];p.[H723R] | CDH23: p.[R1588W] | 1 | HL0909 |
| GJB2: c.[235delC]; MYO15A: p.[L3160F] | 1 | HL0761 | |
| GJB2: c.[235delC]; TMPRSS3: p.[F71S] | 1 | HL0542 | |
| GJB2: p.[M195V]; SLC26A4: p.[T527P] | 1 | HL0234 | |
| GJB2: p.[V37I]; CDH23: p.[P240L] | 1 | HL0618 | |
| Total | 27 |
Five of the 27 patients (in total 0.7%, 5/717 overall) were diagnosed with genetic hearing loss resulting from concomitant responsible mutations in more than two different genes.
Discussion
We clarified the allele frequency of mutations identified by the simultaneous screening of 154 mutations in 19 deafness genes in 717 Japanese hearing-loss patients. The overall diagnostic rate of the present screening platform was 30% (212/717). Shearer et al. surveyed 20 reports including 603 individuals with hearing loss of unknown causes tested with MPS and showed that the overall diagnostic rate was 41% (range, 10%-83%), although the rate varied according to various factors, such as sampling selection bias as well as the presence or absence of pre-screening [12]. Using the same platform as that described in this paper, we have recently reported that the diagnostic rate of 52 consecutive deafness subjects was 40% (21/52)[4]. This indicates the diagnostic rate of our current diagnostic platform using non-bias (consecutive) samples is comparable to those of previous reports. The reason for the lower diagnostic rate in this study could be due to the focus on a limited number of selected gene mutations. As the testing is covered by the social health insurance, we selected 154 mutations which have already been reported in literature, and did not include novel identified variants in the diagnostic rate in this study. In clinical settings, uncertain pathogenic variants should be treated carefully. Currently, in a clinical setting, we do not return results for those uncertain variants to the patients directly, but make an additional efforts to evaluate whether those novel variants are pathogenic or not by segregation analysis. For this reason, we first selected 154 mutations in 19 genes covered by social health insurance-based genetic testing. Using this platform, which includes 63 known deafness genes, we can expand the number of mutations if novel variants are proven to pathogenic. With regard to cost, this social health insurance-based genetic testing is much cheaper than 4 comprehensive genetic tests for hearing loss currently available in the United States (350USD vs. Oto Genetics Deafness Test 596USD, Oto SCOPE 1500USD, Oto Seq 3625USD, Oto Genome 3800USD) [12].
With regard to clinical features, when classified by inheritance, severity of hearing loss and age-of-onset, the diagnostic rate was the highest in autosomal recessive, profound hearing loss and early onset cases, respectively. This result reflects the fact that the most frequently identified diagnostic gene was GJB2, and these features are consistent with those of GJB2 mutations.
The frequency of multiple mutations identified by our screening of 154 mutations in 19 genes was 3.8%(27/717), and 5 patients were diagnosed with hereditary hearing loss resulting from multiple responsible mutations (0.7%, 5/717). Usami et al. reported that the frequency of combined (multiple) mutations identified by the Invader assay was 1.5%(4/264)[5]. Haung et al. reported a case who had double bi-allelic mutations in GJB2 and SLC26A4 from among 5964 Chinese hearing-impairment patients [13] and 6 cases who had co-existing mutations in GJB2 or SLC26A4 and a mitochondrial gene from among 5934 hearing-impairment Chinese patients (0.10%, 6/5934) [14]. The frequency of multiple mutations in this report was higher as we increased the number of screening mutations and genes covered by the screening.
The phenotypes of the cases with multiple causative mutations identified in this study seemed to reflect the phenotype of a more severe form of hearing loss (data not shown). However, when performing genetic counseling, it should be noted that many unknown genes and mutations might affect phenotypes. We previously found that cases with a mitochondrial m.1555A>G mutation in combination with heterozygous GJB2 mutations show more severe hearing loss than do cases without GJB2 mutations [15,16]. Moteki et al. reported a hearing loss family caused by a P2RX2 mutation with a coexisting mit.3243A>G. They suspected that decreases in ATP production due to MELAS with mit.3243A>G might suppress the activation of P2X2 receptors [17]. Further, MPS has revealed the existence of digenic inheritance disease [18,19], and this phenomenon may have some synergic effect on the phenotypes of each patient. Autosomal recessive sensorineural hearing loss should have two mutations in different alleles of one gene and the risk of recurrence was 25% in any sibling. However, it is necessary to note that the risk of recurrence increases in patients with multiple mutations. Therefore, the screening of only one gene, such as GJB2 direct sequencing, is likely to underestimate the risk of recurrence as well as mislead researchers on novel phenotypes caused by the combination of multiple gene mutations.
Our study suggested that in simultaneous genetic testing of hearing loss was efficient and useful for the detection of pathogenic variants in multiple genes.
Conclusion
Our study suggested that this social health insurance-based genetic testing protocol was efficient in identifying responsible genes, We clarified the frequency of cases with multiple mutations in different genes and suggested that it was necessary to consider the fact that several genes might have an impact on phenotype in such cases.
Supporting Information
(XLSX)
Data Availability
Data access is controlled by data access community of the Shinshu University. If you would like to request access to this data set, please contact: Shin-ichi Usami, usami@shinshu-u.ac.jp.
Funding Statement
This study was grant aided by a Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan Scientific Research Grant (H25-Kankaku-Ippan-002), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (15dk0310011h0003), and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (15H02565) from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
(XLSX)
Data Availability Statement
Data access is controlled by data access community of the Shinshu University. If you would like to request access to this data set, please contact: Shin-ichi Usami, usami@shinshu-u.ac.jp.