Table 1. Comparisons for duration and frequency of Gazing at owner, duration of Gazing at food, the number of Gaze alternation using GEE models and Wald statistics (W).
Significant differences are in bold. After the FDR adjustment, only the p-values shown in italics remain statistically significant.
| Behavior | Comparisons | Duration | Frequency/Number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gazing at owner | Sensitivity to Direction and Visibility of Eyes | ||
| Fixed point vs. Eyes up vs. Eyes closed | W = 0.4 (df = 2, p = 0.817) | W = 1.6 (df = 2, p = 0.446) | |
| Sensitivity to Different Head Directions | |||
| Eyes up vs. Gazing upwards | W = 1.1 (df = 1, p = 0.285) | W = 0.3 (df = 1, p = 0.586) | |
| Sensitivity to Different Gaze Directions (Head and Eyes) | |||
| Fixed point vs. Gazing upwards vs. Gazing downwards | W = 3.8 (df = 2, p = 0.150) | W = 1.6 (df = 2, p = 0.443) | |
| Sensitivity to Attention State and Eye Contact | |||
| Visual Following vs. Fixed point | W = 12.3 (df = 1,p = 0.0005) | W = 7.2 (df = 1, p = 0.007) | |
| Visual Following vs. Eyes up | W = 2.5 (df = 1, p = 0.110) | W = 3.0 (df = 1, p = 0.082) | |
| Visual Following vs. Eyes closed | W = 3.5 (df = 1, p = 0.063) | W = 1.0 (df = 1, p = 0.302) | |
| Visual Following vs. Gazing upwards | W = 14.0 (df = 1, p = 0.0002) | W = 5.7 (df = 1, p = 0.017) | |
| Visual Following vs. Gazing downwards | W = 14.0 (df = 1, p = 0.0002) | W = 11.2 (df = 1, p = 0.0008) | |
| Gazing at Food | Sensitivity to Direction and Visibility of Eyes | ||
| Fixed point vs. Eyes up vs. Eyes closed | W = 1.6 (df = 2, p = 0.442) | — | |
| Sensitivity to Different Head Directions | |||
| Eyes up vs. Gazing upwards | W = 1.1 (df = 1, p = 0.294) | — | |
| Sensitivity to Different Gaze Directions (Head and Eyes) | |||
| Fixed point vs. Gazing upwards vs. Gazing downwards | W = 5.1 (df = 2, p = 0.077) | — | |
| Sensitivity to Attention State and Eye Contact | |||
| Visual Following vs. Fixed point | W = 0.8 (df = 1, p = 0.380) | — | |
| Visual Following vs. Eyes up | W = 1.2 (df = 1, p = 0.270) | — | |
| Visual Following vs. Eyes closed | W = 3.8 (df = 1, p = 0.051) | — | |
| Visual Following vs. Gazing upwards | W = 10.9 (df = 1, p = 0.001) | — | |
| Visual Following vs. Gazing downwards | W = 0.25 (df = 1, p = 0.619) | — | |
| Gaze alternation | Sensitivity to Direction and Visibility of Eyes | ||
| Fixed point vs. Eyes up vs. Eyes closed | — | W = 1.5 (df = 2, p = 0.470) | |
| Sensitivity to Different Head Directions | |||
| Eyes up vs. Gazing upwards | — | W = 0.6 (df = 1, 0.443) | |
| Sensitivity to Different Gaze Directions (Head and Eyes) | |||
| Fixed point vs. Gazing upwards vs. Gazing downwards | — | W = 2.4 (df = 2, p = 0.301) | |
| Sensitivity to Attention State and Eye Contact | |||
| Visual Following vs. Fixed point | — | W = 0.3 (df = 1, p = 0.599) | |
| Visual Following vs. Eyes up | — | W = 3.2 (df = 1, p = 0.074) | |
| Visual Following vs. Eyes closed | — | W = 0.2 (df = 1, p = 0.632) | |
| Visual Following vs. Gazing upwards | — | W = 10.8 (df = 1, p = 0.001) | |
| Visual Following vs. Gazing downwards | — | W = 8.3 (df = 1, p = 0.004) | |