Fig 10. Summary of PA mode of action in C. albicans.

PA blocks calcineurin signaling, affects cell surface integrity (cell wall and cell membrane), yeast to hyphal transition, biofilm formation, cell cycle arrest at S phase and mitochondria dysfunction (shown by dark lines). Abrogated membrane homeostasis, cell wall integrity, yeast to hyphal transition could also be the result of compromised calcineurin signaling because of PA (denoted by red dashed lines). All these disrupted mechanisms due to PA are necessary to sustain drug tolerance and virulence in C. albicans.