Table 1.
Changes in intestinal microbiota associated with experimental and clinical studies on alcoholic liver disease (ALD).
| Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Firmicutes ↓ [13,14] | Bacilli ↑ [20]* | Bacillales | Bacillaceae | Bacillus ↑ [20]* |
| Lactobacilales | Lactobacillaceae | Lactobacillus ↓ [13] ↓ [19] | ||
| Pediococcus ↓ [13] | ||||
| Streptococcaceae | Lactococcus ↓ [13] | |||
| Lachnospiraceae | Blautia ↑ [13] | |||
| Leuconostocaceae | Leuconostoc ↓ [13] | |||
| Enterococcaceae | Enterococcus ↓ [19] | |||
| Clostridia ↓ [20]*,[21]† | Clostridiales | Clostridiaceae | Clostridium | |
| Ruminococcaceae ↓ [21]† | Ruminococcus ↓ [21]† | |||
| Faecalibacterium ↓ [21]† | ||||
| Anaerofilum ↓ [21]† | ||||
| Oscillospiraceae | Oscillibacter ↓ [21]† | |||
| Lachnospiraceae | Dorea ↑ [21]† | |||
| Blautia ↑ [21]† | ||||
| Negativicutes | Selenomonadales | Acidaminococcaceae | Megasphaera ↑ [21]† | |
| Actinobacteria ↑ [14] | Actinobacteriia | Corynebactales | Corynebactaceae | Corynebacterium ↑ [14] |
| Bifidobacteriales | Bifidobacteriaceae | Bifidobacterium ↓ [19,21] | ||
| Verrucomicrobia ↑ [13] | ||||
| Bacteroidetes ↑ [13] ↓ [14] ↓ [20]* | Bacteroidia | Bacteroidales ↑ [13] | Bacteroidaceae ↓ [20] | Bacteroides ↑ [13] |
| Porphyromonadaceae ↑ [13] | ||||
| Proteobacteria ↑ [14], ↑ [20]* | β-proteobacteria | Burkholderiales | Alcaligenaceae | Alcaligenes ↑ [14] |
| γ-proteobacteria ↑ [20]* | Enterobacteriales | Enterobacteriaceae ↑ [18] |
Clinical data are displayed in blue; “↑” means increased abundance of bacteria compared with controls; “↓” means abundance of bacteria in patients compared with controls; Superior numbers are related reference numbers; [13] Yan (2011) mice, intragastric feeding of alcohol for three weeks; [14] Bull-Otterson (2013) mice, chronic ad libitum ethanol feeding by liquid diet for eight weeks; [18] Canesso (2014) mice, ad libitum ethanol feeding in the drinking water for seven days; [19] Kirpich (2008) alcoholic patients; [20] Mutlu (2012) alcoholic patients; [20]*: alcoholics with dysbiosis compared to those without dysbiosis; [21] Leclercq (2014) alcoholic dependent patients with fibrosis stage F0~F1; [21]† alcoholics with dysbiosis compared to normal subjects.