Table 4.

Changes in intestinal microbiota associated with clinical studies on liver cirrhosis.

Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Stphylococcaceae	Staphylococcus ↑ [156]†
		Lactobacilales	Lactobacillaceae	Lactobacillus ↓ [151]
			Streptococcaceae	Streptococcus ↑ [147]
			Enterococcaceae	Enterococcus ↑ [149,152]
	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	Clostridium ↓ [149] ↑ [147,152]
			Eubacteriaceae	Eubacterium ↓ [147]
			Ruminococcaceae ↓ [148,157]	Subdoligranulum ↓ [152]
				Faecalibacterium ↓ [149]
			Lachnospiraceae ↓ [148,157]	Dorea ↓ [152]
				Blautia ↓ [157]
	Negativicutes	Selenomonadales	Veillonellaceae	Veillonella ↑ [147]
			Acidaminococcaceae	Acidaminococcus ↑ [152]
Actinobacteria	Actinobacteriia	Bifidobacteriales	Bifidobacteriaceae	Bifidobacterium ↓ [149,150]
Fusobacteria ↑ [25,147]	Fusobacteriia	Fusobacteriales	Fusobacteriaceae ↑ [148]
Bacteroidetes ↓ [25,147]	Bacteroidia	Bacteroidales	Bacteroidaceae	Bacteroides ↓ [147]
			Prevotellaceae	Prevotella ↑ [147]
			Rikenellaceae	Alistipes ↓ [147]
Proteobacteria ↑ [25,147]	β-proteobacteria	Burkholderiales	Alcaligenaceae ↑ [148]#
			Burkholderiaceae	Burkholderia ↑ [152]
			Ralstoniaceae	Ralstonia ↑ [152]
	γ-proteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Enterobacteriaceae ↑ [25,148], [148]# [149,157]	Proteus ↑ [152]
				Eschericia (coli) ↑ [156]†

“↑” means increased abundance of bacteria in patients vs. normal subjects; “↓” means decreased abundance of bacteria in patients vs. normal subjects; Superior numbers are related reference numbers; ^[25] Chen (2011); ^[147] Qin (2014); ^[148] Bajaj (2012); ^[148]# means cirrhotics with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) vs. healthy controls and cirrhotic patients without HE; ^[149] Lu (2011); ^[150] Xu (2012); ^[151] Wu (2012); ^[152] Bajaj (2012b); ^[156] Liu (2004); ^[156]† means cirrhotics with minimal HE vs. healthy controls; ^[157] Kakiyama (2013).