Bars represent percentage change in biomarker level per year of ARV exposure, with 95% confidence intervals displayed. Estimates are derived from multivariable linear regression models, adjusting for demographics, traditional kidney risk factors, HIV-related factors, and LASSO-selected ARVs. Abbreviations: ABC, abacavir; ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; ARV, antiretroviral medication; AZT, zidovudine; IL-18, interleukin-18; EFV, efavirenz; LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; LPV/r, lopinavir/ritonavir; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; NVP, nevirapine; PIIINP, procollagen type III amino-terminal pro-peptide; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.