Table 2.
Degradation of selected pyrethroids in soils of different characteristics under laboratory conditions.
| Pyrethroid | Type of soil | Main properties of soil | Conditions | Dose (mg/kg) | T1/2/DT50(comments) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bifenthrin | Red brown earth | Sand 59.1%, silt 28.3%, clay 10.5%, pH 7.1, OM 1.2% | 25°C, 60% WHC | 100 | T1/2 1332 days (b.d.) | Baskaran et al., 1999 |
| Quarry sand | Sand 80.2%, pH 9.2, OM 0.1% | 25°C, 60% WHC | 100 | T1/2 1410 days (b.d.) | ||
| Sandy loam | Sand 65%, silt 28%, clay 7%, pH 6.9, OM 10.5 g/kg | 32°C, 40% WHC | 50 | T1/2 130.7 days (a.d.), t1/2 78.8 days (b.d.) | Chen et al., 2012d | |
| Light clay | Sand 21.4%, silt 28.6%, clay 40%, pH 5.5, OM 3.8% | 25°C, 50% WHC | 1 | T1/2 12.4 days (b.d.) | Kim and Choi, 1992 | |
| Clay loam | Sand 41.9%, silt 39.9%, clay 18.2%, pH 6.7, OM 1.1% | 25°C, 50% WHC | 1 | T1/2 85.1 days (b.d.) | ||
| Cyfluthrin | Light clay | Sand 21.4%, silt 28.6%, clay 40%, pH 5.5, OM 3.8% | 25°C, 50% WHC | 1 | T1/2 32.2 days (b.d.) | |
| Clay loam | Sand 77.7%, silt 17.5%, clay 5%, pH 6.7, OM 1.1% | 25°C, 50% WHC | 1 | T1/2 54.6 days (b.d.) | ||
| Sandy loam | Sand 41.9%, silt 39.9%, clay 18.2%, pH 7.7, OM 0.5% | 25°C, | 0.1, 1 and 10 | T1/2 7.8–41.8 days (b.d.) | Gupta and Gajbhiye, 2002 | |
| Cypermethrin | No data | pH 7.9, OM 54.9 mg/g | 22°C, 40% WHC | 20 | T1/2 52.1 days (b.d.) | Liu et al., 2014 |
| No data | pH 6.7, OM 11.3 g/kg | 30°C | 50 | T1/2 40.5 days (a.d.), t1/2 21.6 days (b.d.) | Zhao et al., 2013 | |
| No data | pH 4.77, OM 1.12% | 30°C, 60% WHC | 10 | T1/2 105.8 days (a.d.), t1/2 49.4 days (b.d.) | Xu et al., 2015 | |
| No data | No data | 30°C, 40% WHC | 200 | T1/2 101.9 days (a.d.), t1/2 48.5 days (b.d.) | Akbar et al., 2015b | |
| Ortho red | Sand 7%, silt 59%, clay 34%, pH 6.1, OM 24.5 mg/kg | 25°C, 25% WHC | 2 | T1/2 19.5 days (b.d.) | Gu et al., 2008 | |
| Yellow red | Sand 15%, silt 57%, clay 28%, pH 6.9, OM 30.8 mg/kg | 25°C, 25% WHC | 2 | T1/2 76.2 days (a.d.), t1/2 17.1 days (b.d.) | ||
| Brown red | Sand 13%, silt 58%, clay 29%, pH 7.1, OM 33.6 mg/kg | 25°C, 25% WHC | 2 | T1/2 14.4 days (b.d.) | ||
| Sandy loam | Sand 65%, silt 28%, clay 7%, pH 6.9, OM 10.5 g/kg | 28°C, 40% WHC | 50 | T1/2 57.3 days (a.d.), t1/2 24.1 days (b.d.) | Chen et al., 2012c | |
| Deltamethrin | No data | pH 6.4, OM 28 g/kg | 30°C, 30% WHC | 10 | T1/2 12.8 days (a.d.), t1/2 8.3 days (b.d.) | Zhang et al., 2016 |
| Sand | Sand 86%, silt 11%, clay 3%, pH 6.8, Corg 1.4% | 30°C, 50% WHC | 100 | DT50 234.5 days (a.d.), DT50 71.9 days (b.d.) | Cycoń et al., 2014 | |
| Sandy loam | Sand 91%, silt 6%, clay 3%, pH 6.5, Corg 1.1% | 30°C, 50% WHC | 100 | DT50 315.3 days (a.d.), DT50 68.8 days (b.d.) | ||
| Silty loam | Sand 69%, silt 21%, clay 10%, pH 6.7, Corg 1.6% | 30°C, 50% WHC | 100 | DT50 433.8 days (a.d.), DT50 86.4 days (b.d.) | ||
| Silt | Sand 18%, silt 76%, clay 6%, pH 6.8, Corg 1.4% | 30°C, 50% WHC | 100 | DT50 537.8 days (a.d.), DT50 105.3 days (b.d.) | ||
| Deltamethrin | Ortho red | Sand 7%, silt 59%, clay 34%, pH 6.1, OM 24.5 mg/kg | 25°C, 25% WHC | 2 | T1/2 20.3 days (b.d.) | Gu et al., 2008 |
| Yellow red | Sand 15%, silt 57%, clay 28%, pH 6.9, OM 30.8 mg/kg | 25°C, 25% WHC | 2 | T1/2 84.5 days (a.d.), t1/2 18.4 days (b.d.) | ||
| Brown red | Sand 13%, silt 58%, clay 29%, pH 7.1, OM 33.6 mg/kg | 25°C, 25% WHC | 2 | T1/2 15.7 days (b.d.) | ||
| Silty loam | Sand 29.8%, silt 31.5%, clay 38.7%, pH 8.3, Corg 1.7 g/kg | 20°C, 75% WHC | 50 | T1/2 27.4 days (b.d.) | Muñoz-Leoz et al., 2009 | |
| Silty loam | Sand 29.8%, silt 31.5%, clay 38.7%, pH 8.3, Corg 1.7 g/kg | 20°C, 75% WHC | 125 | T1/2 47.4 days (b.d.) | ||
| Silty loam | Sand 29.8%, silt 31.5%, clay 38.7%, pH 8.3, Corg 1.7 g/kg | 20°C, 75% WHC | 250 | T1/2 44.4 days (b.d.) | ||
| Fenpropathrin | Sandy loam | Sand 65%, silt 28%, clay 7%, pH 6.9, OM 10.5 g/kg | 30°C, 40% WHC | 50 | T1/2 70.7 days (a.d.), t1/2 37.1 days (b.d.) | Chen et al., 2014 |
| Sandy loam | Sand 66%, silt 11%, clay 16%, pH 6.6, OM 2.3% | 30°C, 40% WHC | 50 | < 25% degradation (b.d.) | Yuanfan et al., 2010 | |
| Fenvalerate | Peat soil | Sand 3%, silt 1%, clay 96%, pH 4.4, OM 82.8% | 30°C, 50% WHC, 35°C, 50% WHC | 100 | T1/2 41.3 days (b.d.), t1/2 28.7 days (b.d.) | Ismail and Maznah, 2005 |
| Sandy clay | Sand 52%, silt 10%, clay 38%, pH 5.2, OM 12.7% | 30°C, 50% WHC, 35°C, 50% WHC | 100 | T1/2 28.7 days (b.d.), t1/2 20.3 days (b.d.) | ||
| Sandy clay loam | Sand 51%, silt 27%, clay 22%, pH 6.6, OM 3.6% | 30°C, 50% WHC, 35°C, 50% WHC | 100 | T1/2 23.8 days (b.d.), t1/2 19.6 days (b.d.) | ||
| Ortho red | Sand 7%, silt 59%, clay 34%, pH 6.1, OM 24.5 mg/kg | 25°C, 25% WHC | 2 | T1/2 25.2 days (b.d.) | Gu et al., 2008 | |
| Yellow red | Sand 15%, silt 57%, clay 28%, pH 6.9, OM 30.8 mg/kg | 25°C, 25% WHC | 2 | T1/2 92.4 days (a.d.), t1/2 19.6 days (b.d.) | ||
| Brown red | Sand 13%, silt 58%, clay 29%, pH 7.1, OM 33.6 mg/kg | 25°C, 25% WHC | 2 | T1/2 17.7 days (b.d.) | ||
| Silty loam | Sand 36%, silt 58%, clay 6%, pH 6.7, OM 10.4 g/kg | 30°C, 40% WHC | 50 | T1/2 28.4 days (a.d.), t1/2 19.2 days (b.d.) | Chen et al., 2011c | |
| Permethrin | Mineral soil | pH 8.0-8.1 | No data | 1 | 94% removal after 8 weeks (b.d.) | Chapman et al., 1981 |
| Organic soil | pH 7.1-7.2 | No data | 1 | 84% removal after 8 weeks (b.d.) | ||
| Organic soil | pH 6.5-6.9 | No data | 1 | No degradation (a.d.) | ||
| Mineral soil | pH 7.7-8.1 | No data | 1 | No degradation (a.d.) | ||
| Sandy loam | pH 5.9; OM 1.0% | No data | 1 | T1/2 55 days (cis-permethrin), t1/2 5 days (trans-permethrin) (b.d.) | Jordan et al., 1982 |
OM, organic matter; WHC, water holding capacity; a.b., abiotic degradation; b.d., biotic degradation.