Table 4.
Pyrethroid-degrading fungi isolated from contaminated sites and their degradation potential in liquid media.
| Strain | Source | Degraded pyrethroid | Mode of action | Optimal conditions | Comments | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspergillus niger | Type Culture Lab, IARI, India | Cyfluthrin | Co-metabolic | pH 6.5, 28°C | 10% of initial dosage (5 mg/L) was degraded after 30 days | Saikia and Gopal, 2004 |
| Aspergillus terricola | Type Culture Lab, IARI, India | Cyfluthrin | Co-metabolic | pH 6.5, 28°C | About 25% degradation (5 mg/L) after 30 days | Saikia and Gopal, 2004 |
| Candida pelliculosa ZS-02 | Activated sludge from wastewater treatment system, China | Bifenthrin | Catabolic | pH 7.2, 32°C | Complete degradation of bifenthrin at concentration of 100 mg/L within 5 days; At concentrations of 200, 300, and 400 mg/L, the degradation rates reached 97.1, 95.8, and 91.3% after 5 days, respectively | Chen et al., 2012d |
| Cyfluthrin | More than 94.8% degradation (50 mg/L) after 5 days | |||||
| Deltamethrin | 93.4% degradation (50 mg/L) within 5 days | |||||
| Fenvalerate | 93% of fenvalerate (50 mg/L) was degraded after 5 days | |||||
| Cypermethrin | 87.7% degradation (50 mg/L) within 5 days | |||||
| Fenpropathrin | Nearly 51% degradation (50 mg/L) after 7 days | |||||
| Cladosporium sp. HU | Activated sludge from wastewater treatment system, China | Fenvalerate | Catabolic, co-metabolic | pH 7.2, 26°C | Complete degradation of fenvalerate at 50–400 mg/L within 5 days; degradation accelerated in the presence of sucrose; ability to degrade main metabolite, i.e., 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde | Chen et al., 2011a |
| Fenpropathrin | Catabolic | pH 7.2, 26°C | Complete degradation (100 mg/L) after 5 days | |||
| Cypermethrin | Complete degradation (100 mg/L) after 5 days | |||||
| Deltamethrin | 94.6% degradation (100 mg/L) after 5 days | |||||
| Bifenthrin | 92.1% degradation (100 mg/L) after 5 days | |||||
| Permethrin | 91.6% degradation (100 mg/L) after 5 days | |||||
| Phanerocaete chrysosporium | Type Culture Lab, IARI, India | Cyfluthrin | Co-metabolic | pH 6.5, 28°C | About 60% degradation (5 mg/L) after 30 days | Saikia and Gopal, 2004 |
| Trichoderma viridae (5-2) | Type Culture Lab, IARI, India | Cyfluthrin | Co-metabolic | pH 6.5, 28°C | 80–83% degradation (5 mg/L) was observed in 10 days (maximum degradation within 7 days) | Saikia and Gopal, 2004 |
| Trichoderma viridae (2211) | Type Culture Lab, IARI, India | Cyfluthrin | Co-metabolic | pH 6.5, 28°C | About 60% degradation (5 mg/L) after 30 days | Saikia and Gopal, 2004 |