Table 6.
Detected metabolites and proposed pathways for degradation of pyrethroids performed by selected microorganisms.
| Pyrethroid | Microorganism | Detected metabolites | Proposed degradation pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allethrin (A) | Acidomonas sp. | (B) Allethrolone [2-cyclopenten-1-one, 4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2(-2-propenyl)] (C) Chrysanthemic acid Lub (D) 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethyl cyclopent-2-ene-carboxylic acid (E) Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl) (F) 3-Oxobicyclo [4.1.0] heptan-2-one, 4,4,7,7-tetramethyl (G) 2-Propanal (1,1-dimethyl ethyl)-methyl |
 |
Paingankar et al., 2005 |
| Bifenthrin (A) | Candida pelliculosa | (B) Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (C) 2-Methyl-3-biphenylyl methanol (D) 4-Trifluoromethoxy phenol (E) 2-Chloro-6-fluoro benzylalcohol (F) 3,5-Dimethoxy phenol |
 |
Chen et al., 2012d |
| Cyfluthrin (A) | Brevibacterium aureum DG-12 | (B) 2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl-cyclopropanemethanol (C) 4-Fluoro-3-phenoxy-benzoic acid (D) 3,5-Dimethoxy phenol (E) Phenol |
 |
Chen et al., 2013 |
| Lysinibacillus sphaericus FLQ-11-1 | (B) 4-fluoro-3-phenoxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (C) Methyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane)-carboxylate (D) Methyl-3-phenoxybenzoate (E) 3-Phenoxy-benzaldehyde (F) Terephthalic (G) Phenol |
 |
Hu et al., 2014 | |
| β-Cyfluthrin (A) | Pseudomonas stutzeri S1 | (B) α-cyano-4-fluorobenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylate (C) α-cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxy benzyl alcohol (D) 3(2,2-dichlorovinyl)- 2,2-dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylic acid |
 |
Saikia et al., 2005 |
| Trichoderma viridae (5-2) | (B) α-cyano-4-fluorobenzyl-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylate/α-cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxy benzyl alcohol (C) 3(2,2-dichlorovinyl)- 2,2-dimethyl cyclopropanoic acid |
 |
Saikia and Gopal, 2004 | |
| Cyhalothrin (A) | Bacillus thuringiensis ZS-19 | (B) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile (C) (1R, 3R)-trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (D) 3-Phenoxy-benzamide (E) 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (F) 3-Phenozybenzoate (G) Phenol |
 |
Chen et al., 2015 |
| Cypermethrin (A) | Bacillus sp. ISTDS2 | (B) (1)α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile (C) 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate (D) 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid |
 |
Sundaram et al., 2013 |
| Bacillus sp. SG2 | (B) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile (C) 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate (D) 3-Phenoxybenzenaldehyde (E) Hydroxybenzoate (F) 4-Propoyl Benzaldehyde (G) Phenoxy benzoic acid (H) Phenol, M-tert-Butyl (I) Phenol |
 |
Bhatt et al., 2016 | |
| Bacillus cereus ZH-3 + Streptomyces aureus HP-S-01 | (B) 4-Phenoxyphenol-2,2-dimethyl-propiophenone (C) 3-Phenoxybenzenaldehyde (D) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile |
No data | Chen et al., 2012b | |
| Bacillus licheniformis B-1 + Sphingomonas sp. SC-1 | (B) Cyano -3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (C) 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde (D) 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (E) 2-Phenoxyphenol (F) Catechol (G) Muconic acid |
 |
Liu et al., 2014 | |
| Catellibacterium sp. CC-5 | (B) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile (C) 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde |
No data | Zhao et al., 2013 | |
| Micrococcus sp. CPN 1 | (B) Cyano -3-phenoxybenzylalcohol (C) 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (D) Cyano-Phenoxybenzaldehyde (E) 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (F) Phenol (G) Protocatechuic (H) Catechol (I) cis,cis-Muconic acid (J) 3-Carboxy-cis, cis muconic acid |
 |
Tallur et al., 2008 | |
| β-Cypermethrin (A) | Bacillus subtilis BSF01 | (B) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile l (C) 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (D) 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde (E) 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (F) 3,5-Dimetoxyphenol |
 |
Xiao et al., 2015 |
| Streptomyces aureus HP-S-01 | (B) 3-Phenoxybenzenaldehyde (C) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile |
No data | Chen et al., 2012c | |
| Deltamethrin (A) | Streptomyces aureus HP-S-01 | (B) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile (C) 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde (D) 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone |
 |
Chen et al., 2011d |
| Fenpropathrin (A) | Clostridium sp. ZP3 | (B) Benzyl alcohol (C) Benzene-methanol (D) 3,5-dimethylamphetamine |
No data | Zhang S. et al., 2011 |
| Bacillus cereus ZH-3 | (B) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile (C) 3-Phenoxybenzenaldehyde (D) Phenol |
 |
Liu et al., 2015 | |
| Bacillus sp. DG-02 | (B) 2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl cyclopropanecarboxylic acid phenyl ester (C) 3,4-Dihydroxy-benzoic acid (D) 3-Phenoxybenzoate (E) 3,4-Dimethoxy phenol (F) 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde (G) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile (H) Phenol |
 |
Chen et al., 2014 | |
| Ochrobactrum tritici pyd-1 | (B) cyano-3-phenoxybenzylalcohol (C) 2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (D) 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde (E) 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (F) 4-Hydroxy-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (G) Protocatechuate (H) p-Hydroquinone (I) 1,2,4-Benzenetriol (J) Maleylacetate (K) 3-Oxoadipate |
 |
Wang et al., 2011 | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa JQ-41 | (B) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile |  |
Song et al., 2015 | |
| (C) 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde | ||||
| (D) 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid | ||||
| Fenvalerate (A) | Cladosporium sp. HU | (B) α-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzenacetonitrile | No data | Chen et al., 2011a |
| (C) 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde | ||||
| Permethrin (A) | Pseudomonas fluorescens (SM-1) | (B) 3-Phenoxybenzyl alcohol (C) 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate (D) 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (E) 4-Hydroxy-3-phenoxybenzoic acid |
 |
Maloney et al., 1988 |
| Achromobacter sp. (SM-2) | ||||
| Bacillus cereus (SM-3) |