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The LPS-activated canonical NF-κB signaling pathways. (A) TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) is recruited to the TLR4 receptor. TRAF6 and RIP1 are then recruited. TRAF6 is polyubiquitinated and together with RIP1, the two proteins activate TAK1. (B) The MyD88 pathway as described previously for IL-1β. P, phosphate; U, ubiquitin.
