Table 1.
Studies used to construct and (*) validate the final model. References for the studies can be found in the supplementary material for the online version of this article
| Study no | Year | Study population | Age in months Mean (range) | Method | Meal | Feed category in analysis | Duration of sampling (min) | No of subjects | No of time points per subject |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1980 | Preterm neonates | (0–0.25) | D (PR) | 10% dextrose solution | Aqueous | 30 | 20 | 1 |
| 2 | 1980 | Preterm neonates | 0.5 | D (PR) | Sugar solutions | Aqueous | 30 | 16 | 1 |
| 3 | 2004 | Preterm neonates | 0.57 (0.20–1.2) | S (Tc) | Breast milk | Breast milk | 120 | 10 | 2 |
| 4 | 1996 | Preterm neonates | 1.47 (0.5–2.77) | U/S | Breast milk | Breast milk | 150 | 11 | 16 |
| 5 | 2000 | Preterm neonates | 1 | D (PEG) | Breast milk/formula | Breast milk/formula | 120 | 11 | 2 |
| 6 | 1997 | Preterm neonates | 0.77 | U/S | Breast milk/formula | Breast milk/formula | 120 | 32 | 9 |
| 7 | Preterm neonates | 0.73 | D | Breast milk/formula | Breast milk/formula | 180 | 31 | 2 | |
| 8 | Preterm neonates | 0.87 | D (PEG) | Breast milk/formula | Breast milk/formula | 20 | 27 | 1 | |
| 9 | 1994 | Preterm neonates | 0.36 (0.13–0.87) | U/S | Breast milk/formula | Breast milk/formula | 200 | 14 | 17 |
| 10 | 2008 | Preterm neonates | 0.13 | U/S | Breast milk/formula | Breast milk/formula | 120 | 20 | 1 |
| 11* | 1992 | Preterm neonates | 0.233 | D | Breast milk/formula | Breast milk/formula | 240 | 50 | 1 |
| 12 | 1999 | Preterm neonates | 0.9 (0.47–1.23) | U/S | Breast milk/formula | Breast milk/formula | 120 | 21 | 6 |
| 13 | 1983 | Preterm neonates | 0.41 (0.20–1.1) | S (Tc) | Formula | Formula | 30 | 16 | 1 |
| 14 | 1994 | Preterm neonates | 0.043 | S (Tc) | Formula | Formula | 120 | 20 | 16 |
| 15 | 1991 | Preterm neonates | 0.33 | D (PR) | Formula | Formula | 30 | 10 | 1 |
| 16 | 1978 | Preterm/term neonates | 0.011/0.04/0.071 | D (PR) | 5% dextrose solution | Aqueous | 30 | 47 | 1 |
| 17 | 1975 | Preterm/term neonates | 0.033 | D (PR) | 10% glucose solution | Aqueous | 30 | 12 | 1 |
| 18 | 2008 | VLBW neonates | (0.2–1) | U/S | Breast milk | Breast milk | 180 | 20 | 18 |
| 19 | 1996 | Preterm neonates/infants | 0.67 (0.2–2.23) | U/S | Breast milk | Breast milk | 120 | 22 | 9 |
| 20 | 2007 | Preterm neonates/infants | 1.33 | D | Formula | Formula | 180 | 9 | 6 |
| 21 | 1982 | Preterm neonates/infants | 1.2 (0.23–2.1) | D (PEG) | Formula | Formula | 120 | 10 | 6 |
| 22 | 1984 | Preterm neonates/infants | 1.5 (0.23–2.8) | D (PEG) | Formula | Formula | 100 | 10 | 5 |
| 23 | 1985 | Preterm neonates/infants | 1.4 (0.47–2.3) | D (PEG) | Formula | Formula | 100 | 11 | 5 |
| 24 | 1984 | Term neonates | (0.1–0.17) | D (PR) | Sugar solutions | Aqueous | 30 | 13 | 1 |
| 25 | 1980 | Term neonates | 0.30 (0.17–0.87) | D (PR) | 10% dextrose solution | Aqueous | 180 | 14 | 9 |
| 26 | 1992 | Infants | 9 (6–14) | D (PEG) | 5% dextrose solution | Aqueous | 80 | 10 | 5 |
| 27 | 1990 | Infants | (0–12) | S (Tc) | Breast milk/formula | Breast milk/formula | 2/3 | 90 | 2 |
| 28* | 2011 | Infants | 1.57 | U/S | Formula | Formula | 3 | 21 | 1 |
| 29 | 1989 | Infants | 7.56 (1.68–19.0) | D (PEG) | Formula | Formula | 3 | 12 | 4 |
| 30 | 2006 | Infants | 4.6 | U/S | Formula | Formula | 3 | 14 | 5 |
| 31 | 1993 | Infants | 4.3 (1–11) | S (Tc) | Formula | Formula | 3 | 28 | 1 |
| 32 | 2007 | Infants | 3 | S (Tc) | Formula | Formula | 3 | 81 | 2 |
| 33 | 1988 | Infants | 5.7 (2–14) | S (Tc) | Rice cereal | Semi‐solid | 120 | 10 | 1 |
| 34 | 1988 | Neonates/infants | 1.2 (0.47–1.63) | U/S | Formula | Formula | 180 | 6 | 12 |
| 35 | 1995 | Preterm/term infants | 0.8 (pre)/1.5 (term) | APT | Dioralyte/formula | Aqueous/formula | 90 | 82 | 10 |
| 36 | 1983 | Infants/children | 35.7 (0.75–168) | D (PEG) | Water | Aqueous | 60 | 30 | 4 |
| 37* | 2012 | Infants/children | 18 | S (Tc) | Breast milk/formula | Breast milk/formula | 60 | 81 | 1 |
| 38* | 2012 | Infants/children | 5 (infants), 84 (children) | U/S | 'Milk' | Formula | 20/120 | 44/11 | 4/13 |
| 39 | 1983 | Infants/children | 5.7 (1–23)/109 (24–174) | S (Tc) | 'Milk formula' | Formula | 60 | 49 | 1 |
| 40 | 2011 | Children | 110 (76.8–154) | MRI | Raspberry syrup soln | Aqueous | 120 | 16 | 4 |
| 41 | 2012 | Children | 133 (98.4–150) | MRI | Raspberry syrup soln | Aqueous | 60 | 14 | 2 |
| 42 | 1998 | Children | 84 (60–132) | S (Tc) | Pancakes | Solid | 120 | 11 | 8 |
| 43 | 1987 | Neon/inf/child/adolesc | 10 (0.5–192) | S (Tc) | Apple juice | Aqueous | 60 | 14 | 2 |
| 44 | 1984 | Neon/inf/child/adolesc | 1/8/19/42/120 | S (Tc) | Breast milk/for/water | Breast milk/for/aq | 120 | 44 | 2 |
| 45 | 1987 | Neon/inf/child/adolesc | 1.8/4.9/8.9/20.9/52.8/134 | S (Tc) | Formula or pudding | Formula/semi‐solid | 60 | 186 | 1 |
| 46 | 1997 | Children/adolescents | 153.6 | S (Tc) | Pancakes | Solid | 120 | 17 | 11 |
| 47* | 2011 | Adults | 840 | S (Tc) | Sucrose solution | Aqueous | 300 | 10 | 19 |
| 48* | 2012 | Adults | 418 | S (Tc) | Orange juice | Aqueous | 60 | 7 | 1 |
| 49* | 2011 | Adults | 598 | S (Tc) | Formula/lemonade | Aqueous/formula | 120 | 8 | 8 |
| 50 | 2011 | Adults | 744 (228–1008) | S (Tc) | Formula | Formula | 240 | 14 | 4 |
| 51 | 1981 | Adults | 340 (240–432) | S (Tc) | Cow's milk | Formula | 60 | 6 | 4 |
| 52 | 1989 | Adults | 504 (240–912) | S (Tc) | Liquid prot, fat, carb | Formula | 60 | 88 | 8 |
| 53 | 2012 | Adults | 564 | MRI | Liquid prot, fat, carb | Formula | 60 | 6 | 2 |
| 54 | 2011 | Adults | 468 | S (Tc) | Eggs/bread/milk | Solid | 240 | 19 | 12 |
| 55 | 1989 | Adults | 336 | S (Tc) | Tuna sandwich/milk | Solid | 90 | 10 | 1 |
| 56 | 2000 | Adults | 372 | S (Tc) | Egg/ham/bread/OJ | Solid | 165 | 15 | 11 |
| 57 | 1985 | Adults | 320 (252–432) | S (Tc/In) | Chicken liver/water | Solid | 120 | 13 | 12 |
| 58 | 2000 | Adults | (204–960) | S (Tc) | Omelette | Solid | 120 | 160 | 17 |
| 59* | 2012 | Adults | 439 | S (Tc) | Omelette | Solid | 120 | 18 | 11 |
| 60 | 2004 | Adults | (240–600) | S (In/Tc) | Water/omelette | Aqueous/solid | 120 | 11 | 8 |
| 61* | 2000 | Adults | 397.2 | S (Tc) | Omelette | Solid | 180 | 7 | 18 |
| 62* | 1994 | Adults | 342 (240–564) | S (Tc) | Scrambled egg/bread | Solid | 180 | 20 | 12 |
| 63 | 2011 | Adults | 565 | S (Tc) | Egg white sandwich | Solid | 240 | 23 | 3 |
| 64* | 2000 | Adults | 355 | S (Tc) | Egg sandwich | Solid | 120 | 9 | 8 |
| 65* | 2000 | Adults | 492 | S (Tc) | Egg subst/bread/jam | Solid | 240 | 123 | 3 |
| 66* | 1992 | Adults | 444 | S (Tc) | Egg sandwich | Solid | 90 | 10 | 1 |
*
Data used in model validation only.
neon, neonate; inf, infant; VLBW, very low birth weight; S, scintigraphy; Tc, 99technetium; In, 111indium; D, dilution method; PR, phenol red; PEG, polyethylene glycol; U/S, ultrasound; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.