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Experimental set‐up used in the study. Acoustic sensors (A1–A4) and thermocouples (T1–T4) were clamped every 80 mm along the samples (branches from Picea abies, Abies alba, Pinus mugo, Carpinus betulus or Corylus avellana). The sites of artificial ice nucleation are indicated with stars (at the apical end for all species, upper panel, or in the centre only for Picea abies, lower panel).
