Figure 4.

(a) Mean cumulated number of acoustic signals s⁻¹ in the wood of Picea abies depending on the time of ice nucleation (x‐axis) and distance from the nucleation point (30, 110, 190 and 270 mm), ice nucleation at one end of the sample (black lines and grey areas represent mean and ±SE from five replicates, respectively). (b) Zoom from 10 s before to 30 s after ice nucleation from the previous graphic. SEs were removed for clarity. (c) Proportion of acoustic emissions (AEs) during phase I (from 1 s before to 30 s after ice nucleation) depending on the distance from the ice nucleation point.