Figure 5.

Typical dynamic of temperature (grey lines) and cumulated ultrasonic emissions (sensor close to the ice nucleation point, black lines) in the wood of Picea abies: standard experimental design as in Fig. 2 with ice nucleation at −6°C and Ψ = −2.8 MPa (a), spontaneous nucleation (b), Ψ = −1.0 MPa (c), temperature of nucleation = −2°C (d), sample without bark (e) and sample without parafilm (f).