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. 2016 Sep 15;6:33154. doi: 10.1038/srep33154

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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(a) 1^st cycle of a Li-S cell cycled in LiNO₃-free electrolyte, with an ICE of 66.4% as the benchmark. (b) The 2 cycles of the cell cycled in LiNO₃-contained electrolyte which was later dissembled to obtained Li_xNO_y coated Li anode and carbon/sulfur cathode. The reduction of LiNO₃ on cathode leads to a CE value of ~100%. Li_xNO_y passivation layers formed on both sides of electrodes, assigned to a-Li_xNO_y for anode side and c-Li_xNO_y for cathode side, respectively. (c) The first cycle of the reassembled cell from the used Li anode (with a-Li_xNO_y surface coating) and a fresh carbon/sulfur cathode in LiNO₃-free electrolyte, showing an ICE of 52.2%. (d) The first cycle of the reassembled cell with a fresh Li anode and the used carbon/sulfur cathode (with c-Li_xNO_y surface coating) in LiNO₃-free electrolyte, giving an ICE of 99.4%.