TABLE 2—
Unadjusted Odds Ratios for Birth Outcomes and 9/11 Exposures by Period of Birth: New York City, Births From September 11, 2001, to End of 2010
| Low Birth Weight |
Preterm Delivery |
||||
| Variable | No. (%) | Early Period,a OR (95% CI) | Late Period,b OR (95% CI) | Early Period,a OR (95% CI) | Late Period,b OR (95% CI) |
| Common exposuresc | |||||
| 0–1 (Ref) | 2132 (64.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| ≥ 2 | 1195 (35.9) | 2.3 (1.3, 4.0) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 2.1 (1.3, 3.2) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.5) |
| Rescue or recovery worker | |||||
| No (Ref) | 2866 (85.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 494 (14.7) | 1.8 (0.9, 3.6) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.4) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) |
| Worked on piled | |||||
| No (Ref) | 421 (85.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 70 (14.3) | 1.6 (0.3, 8.1) | 2.1 (0.7, 6.3) | 1.1 (0.2, 4.9) | 1.7 (0.5, 5.4) |
| Days worked at WTC sited | |||||
| 1–7 d (Ref) | 242 (53.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| ≥ 8 d | 213 (46.8) | 0.9 (0.3, 3.2) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.6) | 1.1 (0.4, 3.2) | 1.5 (0.6, 4.0) |
| WTC-area resident on 9/11 | |||||
| No (Ref) | 2297 (68.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1063 (31.6) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.3) |
| Remained in homee | |||||
| No (Ref) | 810 (76.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 252 (23.7) | 1.3 (0.4, 4.3) | 2 (0.8, 4.9) | 1.8 (0.6, 5.0) | 1.7 (0.7, 3.9) |
| WTC-area resident at birth | |||||
| No (Ref) | 2302 (68.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 716 (21.3) | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) |
| Unknown | 342 (10.2) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.6) |
| Probable PTSD at wave 1 | |||||
| No (Ref) | 2822 (86.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 449 (13.7) | 3.0 (1.6, 5.6) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.5) | 2.8 (1.7, 4.9) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.7) |
Note. 9/11 = September 11, 2001; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; WTC = World Trade Center. Low birth weight in the early period: n = 56 (5.8%) and in the late period: n = 112 (5.0%). Preterm delivery in the early period: n = 78 (8.1%) and in the late period: n = 130 (5.8%). Unadjusted odds ratios accounting for correlated outcomes within mothers. Sample with complete data in multivariate analyses. The sample size was n = 3207.
September 11, 2001, to December 31, 2003.
January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2010.
Caught in dust cloud, sustained an injury, witnessed ≥ 3 traumatic events, or escaped from collapsed building on 9/11.
Rescue and recovery workers only.
Residents only.