Table 2.
Foot characteristics of the study cohort by group
| Explanatory measure | DFU group (n = 21) | DMC group (n = 69) | HC group (n = 56) | P value | P value for ulcerated vs. non-ulcerated feet of cases [paired] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ulcerated feet | Non-ulcerated feetb | |||||
| Pes planus feet type | 14 (66.7 %) | 12 (60.0 %) | 29 (42.0 %) | 19 (33.9 %) | ||
| Normal arched feet type | 4 (19.0 %) | 4 (20.0 %) | 23 (33.3 %) | 20 (35.7 %) | 0.146 | 0.317 |
| Pes cavus feet type | 3 (14.3 %) | 4 (20.0 %) | 17 (24.6 %) | 17 (30.4 %) | ||
| First MTPJ rom (degrees) | 30.0 [25.0–45.0] | 33.5 [27.5–45.0]a,b | 44.0 [30.0–50.0] | 45.0 [35.0–60.0] | 0.077 | 0.404 |
| Ankle Joint rom (restricted dorsiflexion) | 17 (81.0 %) | 16 (80.0 %) | 51 (73.9 %) | 33 (58.9 %) | 0.281 | 0.368 |
| Subtalar Joint rom (restricted inversion/eversion) | 2 (9.5 %) | 1 (5.0 %) | 3 (4.4 %) | 2 (3.6 %) | 0.885 | 0.846 |
| Hallux Abducto Valgus deformity* | ||||||
| (No deformity) | 14 (66.7 %) | 14 (70.0 %) | 51 (73.9 %) | 30 (53.6 %) | 0.132 | 0.392 |
| (Grade 1) | 5 (23.8 %) | 4 (20.0 %) | 13 (18.8 %) | 15 (26.8 %) | ||
| (Grade 2) | 1 (4.8 %) | 1 (5.0 %) | 3 (4.3 %) | 10 (17.9 %) | ||
| (Grade 3) | 1 (4.8 %) | 1 (5.0 %) | 2 (2.9 %) | 1 (1.8 %) | ||
| Claw toe deformity | 6 (28.6 %) | 8 (40.0 %) | 11 (15.9 %) | 15 (26.8 %) | 0.252 | 0.500 |
| Hammer toe deformity | 12 (57.1 %)a,b | 10 (50.0 %)a,b | 16 (23.2 %) | 9 (16.1 %) | 0.001 | 0.625 |
| Mallet toe deformity | 3 (14.3 %) | 5 (25.0 %) | 14 (20.3 %) | 8 (14.3 %) | 0.630 | 0.500 |
McNemar’s test was performed to assess paired significances between the ulcerated and non-ulcerated feet of the DFU group for categorical outcome and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to assess continuous variables. a=p <0.05 when compared to the DMC group in post-hoc analysis b=p < 0.05 compared to the HC group in post hoc analysis. *Hallux Abducto Valgus (HAV) deformity grades were based on the Manchester scale [22] as reported in the study protocol [20]. **These outcomes were calculated with a denominator of 20 due to missing data for the non-ulcerated foot of one participant in the case group. rom, range of motion