Table 2.
Lipid items significantly changed in response to berberine treatment and lifestyle intervention
| BBR plus LSI (n = 41) | P value | LSI (n = 39) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 16 w | Baseline | 16 w | |||
| Free fat acid | ||||||
| FA(15:1) | 3.5 ± 2.3 | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 0.029 | 3.1 ± 2.3 | 2.9 ± 3.0 | 0.689 |
| FA(16:1) | 2.5 (1.5–3.5) | 1.5 (1.1–2.4) | 0.006 | 2.1 (1.3–3.5) | 1.2 (0.9–2.4) | 0.013 |
| FA(16:2) | 1.6 (0.7–2.2) | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | 0.008 | 1.1 (0.7–2.5) | 0.6 (0.5–1.3) | 0.028 |
| FA(16:3) | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.026 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 0.453 |
| FA(18:1) | 2.7 (1.7–4.1) | 2.0 (1.5–3.3) | 0.043 | 2.4 (1.7–3.4) | 1.6 (1.1–2.9) | 0.054 |
| FA(18:2) | 2.3 (1.3–3.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.005 | 1.6 (1.1–3.0) | 1.4 (0.8–1.7) | 0.010 |
| FA(20:2) | 2.4 (1.3–4.1) | 1.7 (1.0–2.8) | 0.024 | 1.9 (1.3–2.9) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | 0.028 |
| FA(20:3) | 2.1 (1.3–4.3) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 0.003 | 1.7 (1.3–3.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) | 0.031 |
| FA(20:4) | 1.6 (0.8–3.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.5) | 0.005 | 1.2 (0.8–2.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 0.081 |
| FA(20:5) | 1.3 (0.6–3.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.21) | 0.006 | 1.3 (0.7–3.3) | 0.9 (0.5–2.2) | 0.176 |
| FA(22:4) | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 0.038 | 2.7 ± 2.4 | 2.2 ± 1.8 | 0.294 |
| FA(22:5) | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.032 | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) | 0.230 |
| FA(22:6) | 1.3 (0.9–2.9) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.017 | 1.3 (0.9–2.8) | 1.1 (0.7–2.0) | 0.101 |
| FA27 | 0.9 (0.6–1.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.381 | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.040 |
| FA3 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.6 (0.4–1.2) | 0.018 | 1.1 (0.6–1.7) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.057 |
| FA40 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 0.011 | 2.2 ± 1.9 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 0.303 |
| FA48 | 2.2 (1.3–4.4) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 0.020 | 1.8 (1.2–4.2) | 1.2 (0.9–2.8) | 0.072 |
| FA51 | 2.9 (2.01–4.8) | 1.9 (1.3–3.0) | 0.004 | 2.5 (1.6–3.6) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 0.029 |
| FA(α-18:3) | 1.9 (1.1–3.6) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 0.003 | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.002 |
| FA(γ-18:3) | 1.7 (1.0–2.8) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.001 | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.7) | 0.842 |
| Sphingolipid (pmol/ml) | ||||||
| Sph(d18:1) | 15.3 (6.1–38.1) | 11.3 (4.7–22.8) | 0.139 | 20.4 (7.1–35.5) | 10.7 (4.8–19.0) | 0.050 |
| Cer(d18:1/18:0) | 41.1 (30.4–52.0) | 31.8 (25.1–43.6) | 0.033 | 37.7 (33.3–50.6) | 34.8 (27.1–47.5) | 0.576 |
| Cer(d18:1/18:0)-1-p | 472.4 (337.2–668.4) | 423.6 (327.1–497.6) | 0.033 | 491.5 (360.7–635.4) | 459.8 (328.5–542.1) | 0.734 |
| Cer(d18:1/20:0) | 103.7 (67.0–121.5) | 87.1 (67.3–103.1) | 0.047 | 87.1 (80.9–109.3) | 85.5 (72.9–104.0) | 0.398 |
| Cer(d18:1/28:0)-1-P | 88.3 (68.4–114.5) | 81.4 (60.0–107.4) | 0.219 | 91.1 (73.2–119.9) | 95.9 (78.3–128.5)# | 0.215 |
| SM(d18:1/12:0) | 1102.8 (561.7–1328.7) | 1131.0 (615.0–1342.1) | 0.066 | 1495.6 (921.5–1717.5)* | 1794.1 (1221.6–2473.0) | 0.854 |
| SM(d18:1/16:1) | 266084.4 (183,325.4–335932.6) | 213,504.2 (151,956.4–266,787.1) | 0.019 | 247,807.9 (168,113.3–334,244.5) | 225,052.0 (160,531.6–291,093.4) | 0.247 |
| SM(d18:1/24:4) | 1810.8 (1290.7–2388.9) | 2426.6 (1756.9–3651.7) | 0.040 | 1389.6 (916.5–2164.5) | 1782.6 (1215.9–2228.4) | 0.131 |
| Phosphoglyceride (pmol/ml) | ||||||
| LPC(14:0) | 766.1 ± 533.2 | 508.5 ± 278.9 | 0.008 | 777.1 ± 562.5 | 651.7 ± 344.9# | 0.239 |
| LPC(16:1) | 2149.7 (1322.3–2461.9) | 1288 (1020–1662) | 0.001 | 1948.2 (1509.1–2438.3) | 1567.1 (1097.0–2049.6) | 0.021 |
| LPC(18:0) | 63,379.6 (44,850.8–85,600.2) | 47,396.8 (37,198.6–62,924.2) | 0.020 | 56,000.6 (40,633.9–80,246.4) | 49,921.7 (37,941.0–72,519.6) | 0.308 |
| LPC(18:1) | 21,454.3 (15,067.6–27,481.6) | 21,789 (19,151–29,051) | 0.233 | 20,582.1 (15,193.3–26,645.2) | 26,269.2 (19,120.5–32,008.3) | 0.034 |
| LPC(18:2) | 27,509.3 (23,480.1–35,012.6) | 43,606 (36,613–51,253) | 0.000 | 29,714.0 (24,478.3–35,012.0) | 44,172.4 (37,096.7–54,805.1) | 0.000 |
| LPC(18:3) | 13,616.8 (11,638.8–15,873.7) | 11,489 (9480–12,909) | 0.000 | 13,153.1 (11,447.2–14,964.1) | 11,987.2 (9410.4–14,232.1) | 0.019 |
| LPC(20:0) | 240.3 (195.0–2721.8 | 179.9 (128.8–214.5) | 0.003 | 211.5 (142.3–300.6) | 195.2 (147.0–250.7) | 0.209 |
| LPC(20:2) | 431.6 (223.3–603.5) | 505.6 (324.2–729.5) | 0.140 | 332.2 (273.4–565.4) | 538.1 (413.1–763.0) | 0.005 |
| LPC(20:3) | 9995.9 ± 3311.8 | 10,234.2 ± 2985.6 | 0.733 | 10,128.2 ± 3877.3 | 11,989.3 ± 4074.7# | 0.031 |
| LPC(20:4) | 10,415.2 (9050.0–12,533.2) | 22,367.1 (18,945.2–27,351.0) | 0.000 | 9537.0 (8019.2–13,176.2) | 23,141.1 (18,657.2–30,853.1) | 0.000 |
| LPC(20:5) | 5946.8 (4188.1–6098.2) | 7162.1 (6231.0–8515.7) | 0.000 | 5548.6 (4449.0–6600.0) | 7380.1 (6296.8–8854.0) | 0.000 |
| LPC(22:6) | 2154.4 (1496.9–2841.6) | 4731 (3964–7186) | 0.000 | 2039.1 (1394.3–2047.0) | 5763.1 (4396.7–7838.1) | 0.000 |
| LPE(16:0) | 575.5 (437.8–733.7) | 506.9 (409.4–689.7) | 0.688 | 685.2 (530.7–882.2)* | 646.4 (447.8–1000.5) | 0.311 |
| LPE(18:0) | 632.9 (434.0–876.8) | 322.9 (229.4–417.5) | 0.000 | 682.3 (462.8–955.6) | 362.4 (255.5–475.9) | 0.000 |
| LPE(O-20:0) | 326.1 ± 150.4 | 232.3 ± 110.2 | 0.002 | 324.5 ± 196.0 | 283.1 ± 187.0 | 0.343 |
| LPI(18:0) | 286.1 (145.7–426.6) | 649.0 (545.0–1019.9) | 0.000 | 266.2 (166.9–538.2) | 770.2 (591.7–1063.6) | 0.000 |
| LPI(20:4) | 135.1 (8.31–214.0) | 642.8 (505.1–772.2) | 0.000 | 156.7 (117.3–238.0) | 750.9 (552.6–883.7) | 0.000 |
| LPS(O-18:0) | 161.9 (102.2–189.9) | 137.1 (111.0–179.0) | 0.236 | 156.6 (79.3–230.5) | 84.9 (62.7–126.7) | 0.010 |
| PC(O-36:3) | 2406.3 (1419.2–4111.8) | 1645.2 (1028.1–2062.1) | 0.010 | 2601.0 (2043.8–3684.2) | 1416.1 (978.2–2124.0) | 0.000 |
| PC(34:0) | 3277.6 (2676.6–3817.9) | 2862.6 (2007.3–3850.8) | 0.525 | 2615.7 (1906.1–3682.2)* | 2662.1 (2300.6–3108.3) | 0.128 |
| PC(36:4) | 93,069.1 (79,780.3–136,743.0) | 102,356.0 (74,512.1–151,229.2) | 0.677 | 85,712.1 (69,863.2–123,458.7) | 82,948.5 (64,544.1–106,702.8) | 0.881 |
| PC(38:4) | 62,078.4 (51,420.4–81,452.7) | 60,376.6 (49,836.6–88,052.3) | 0.544 | 51,559.8 (45,042.3–69,994.4)* | 54,934.6 (43,751.4–67,162.3) | 0.693 |
| PC(P-38:5) | 1997.1 (1525.7–3132.2) | 1076.7 (545.6–1717.7) | 0.000 | 1868.1 (1443.7–2673.1) | 834.8 (584.1–1232.5) | 0.000 |
| PC(40:5) | 4708.1 (2919.5–6161.2) | 4472.5 (2727.7–7600.9) | 0.694 | 3020.5 (1615.0–5141.7)* | 3764.6 (2770.9–4453.6) | 0.267 |
| PC(40:8) | 5548.6 (3987.5–8139.5) | 4550.1 (2762.6–6087.2) | 0.048 | 5139.6 (3316.1–6483.0) | 4002.0 (3025.1–5229.7) | 0.213 |
| PC(40:9) | 1262.7 (704.9–1563.1) | 1222.2 (831.9–1621.9) | 0.861 | 1022.2 (766.7–1213.7) | 770.0 (549.5–1103.0) | 0.073 |
| PI(34:2) | 5696.3 (3559.2–11,738.2) | 3535 (2142–6030) | 0.008 | 7266.5 (3857.6–14,957.1) | 4547.6 (1833.0–10,994.1) | 0.033 |
| PI(36:2) | 5850.2 (4289.3–8214.6) | 5376.2 (3834.7–7459.8) | 0.328 | 6546.3 (4829.2–8008.2) | 4412.7 (3257.6–6519.1) | 0.010 |
| PI(36:3) | 1196.8 (774.1–1642.2) | 929.8 (732.7–1315.8) | 0.212 | 1156.7 (863.7–1461.1) | 867.2 (592.8–1153.4) | 0.034 |
| PI(36:4) | 13,953.2 (4650.9–25,982.1) | 5958.3 (3447.4–15,387.2) | 0.040 | 13,822.2 (5681.0–29,772.2) | 7950.0 (3106.8–24,503.1) | 0.225 |
| PI(38:4) | 26,434.9 (18,158.4–38,048.0) | 23,546.5 (16,653.2–33,951.2) | 0.305 | 29,146.6 (22,843.2–36,429.2) | 21,230.1 (15,293.6–31,947.8) | 0.018 |
| PI(38:6) | 2417.7 (1479.4–48,710.8) | 1712.3 (1181.8–3517.3) | 0.073 | 3413.8 (2439.5–5993.4) | 2308.4 (1689.1–3363.4) | 0.014 |
| PI(40:6) | 794.9 (589.5–1326.9) | 543.3 (421.2–829.7) | 0.003 | 932.1 (680.0–1457.6) | 646.1 (489.2–1081.1) | 0.016 |
| PS(P-36:1) | 4455.3 (2066.7–7302.3) | 2056.2 (1040.2–3618.7) | 0.003 | 3341.2 (2557.0–5854.9) | 2351.0 (1410.1–3852.2) | 0.021 |
| Triglyceride (pmol/ml) | ||||||
| TG(46:11) | 247.4 (132.5–668.7) | 121.2 (87.3–418.6) | 0.216 | 219.2 (156.8–517.2) | 194.1 (89.2–284.2) | 0.005 |
| TG(48:0) | 290.9 (117.6–594.5) | 250.8 (83.1–535.7) | 0.068 | 482.4 (135.7–1054.5) | 463.8 (103.9–1081.2)# | 0.199 |
| TG(P-52:1) | 26.5 (18.8–56.7) | 27.7 (14.7–40.9) | 0.919 | 42.0 (25.7–66.0) | 42.8 (22.5–65.5)# | 0.618 |
| TG(52:7) | 275.6 (148.7–418.7) | 215.2 (128.7–335.2) | 0.007 | 320.1 (154.0–762.8) | 311.2 (172.1–518.0)# | 0.116 |
| TG(54:8) | 711.3 (419.8–1176.3) | 579.2 (284.1–909.1) | 0.053 | 937.5 (433.3–2118.2) | 913.9 (433.4–1363.6)# | 0.074 |
The data were presented as the mean ± SD, except for skewed variables, which were presented as the median with the interquartile range given in parentheses. The unit of lipids in this table was pmol/mL, except for free fatty acids which were 1
* P < 0.05 when comparing berberine plus lifestyle intervention group and lifestyle intervention alone group at baseline
# P < 0.05 when comparing berberine plus lifestyle intervention group and lifestyle intervention alone group after 16-week treatment