Table 4.
Mean intakes of macronutrients (g/day or percent of energy) and dietary fibre (g/day) in individual studies compared to UK and US dietary reference values
| Comparison to UK Dietary Reference Value | Comparison to US Dietary Reference Value | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrient | Study | Second Trimester | Third Trimester | Mean over pregnancy | Second Trimester | Third Trimester | Mean over pregnancy | ||||||||||||
| N= | Mean | Confidence Interval | N= | Mean | Confidence Interval | N= | Mean | Confidence Interval | N= | Mean | Confidence Interval | N= | Mean | Confidence Interval | N= | Mean | Confidence Interval | ||
| Protein grams/day a | Castillo-Duran (2001) a | 249 | ↑60 | 58, 62 | 249 | ↑62 | 59, 64 | 249 | ↓60 | 58, 62 | 249 | ↓62 | 59, 64 | ||||||
| Castillo-Duran (2001) b | 258 | ↑59 | 57, 61 | 258 | ↑60 | 58, 61 | 258 | ↓59 | 57, 61 | 258 | ↓60 | 58, 61 | |||||||
| Chan (2006) | 23 | ↑76 | 65, 87 | 23 | ↑76 | 65, 87 | 23 | ↔76 | 65, 87 | 23 | ↔76 | 65, 87 | |||||||
| Derbyshire (2009) | 20 | ↑72 | 65, 79 | 20 | ↔72 | 65, 79 | |||||||||||||
| Giddens (2000) | 59 | ↑82 | 77, 87 | 59 | ↑82 | 77, 87 | |||||||||||||
| Gutierrez (1999) | 46 | ↑111 | 98, 124 | 46 | ↑118 | 105, 130 | 46 | ↑111 | 98, 124 | 46 | ↑118 | 105, 130 | |||||||
| Job (1995) | 70 | ↑73 | 73, 73 | 70 | ↑73 | 73, 73 | |||||||||||||
| Lee (2013) | 133 | ↑81 | 76, 87 | 156 | ↑70 | 65, 75 | 133 | ↑81 | 76, 87 | 156 | ↔70 | 65, 75 | |||||||
| Pobocik (2003) | 434 | ↑99 | 95, 103 | 434 | ↑99 | 95, 103 | |||||||||||||
| Englyst Fibre grams/day b | Derbyshire (2009) | ↓12 | 11, 13 | ||||||||||||||||
| AOAC Fibre grams/day c | Giddens (2000) | 59 | ↓14 | 13, 15 | |||||||||||||||
| Lee (2013) | 133 | ↓13 | 12, 14 | 156 | ↓14 | 13,14 | |||||||||||||
| N= | % of Energy | N= | % of Energy | N= | % of Energy | ||||||||||||||
| Total Carbohydrate | Derbyshire (2009) | 20 | 54 % | ||||||||||||||||
| Giddens (2000) | 59 | 50 % | |||||||||||||||||
| Lee (2013) | 133 | 51 % | 156 | 52 % | |||||||||||||||
| Gutierrez (1999) | 46 | 56 % | 46 | 56 % | |||||||||||||||
| Total Fat | Chan (2006) | 23 | 29 % | 23 | 29 % | ||||||||||||||
| Gutierrez (1999) | 46 | 29 % | 46 | 27 % | |||||||||||||||
| Saturated Fat | Chan (2006) | 23 | 9 % | 23 | 10 % | ||||||||||||||
| Total Sugars | Derbyshire (2009) | 20 | 25 % | ||||||||||||||||
| Added Sugars | Lee (2013) | 133 | 17 % | 156 | 17 % | ||||||||||||||
a Comparison to UK RNI 51 g/day and US RDA 71 g/day, b Comparison to UK RNI 18 g/day, c Comparison to US RDA 28 g/day, ↑ Study mean higher than reference value (p < 0.05), ↔ Study mean not different to reference value (p < 0.05), ↓ Study mean lower than reference value (p < 0.05)