Table 4.
Regression associations between subjective sleep disturbances and: poor glycemic control and estimated glucose disposal rate (squared)
| Sleep exposure | Poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7.5%/58 mmol/mol) | Estimated glucose disposal rate (mg* kg−1* min−1) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Crude models | Fully adjusted models* | Crude models | Fully adjusted models† | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | B (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Poor sleep quality | 1.08 (0.61, 1.91) | 0.79 | 0.89 (0.47, 1.69) | 0.72 | 2.41 (−1.83, 3.86) | 0.21 | 2.53 (−1.50, 3.89) | 0.15 |
| High risk for OSA | 0.87 (0.48, 1.57) | 0.63 | 0.64 (0.30, 1.37) | 0.25 | −3.19 (−4.42, −0.89) | 0.03 | −2.33 (−3.95, 2.17) | 0.29 |
| EDS (ESS >10) | 1.28 (0.58, 2.85) | 0.54 | 0.77 (0.29, 2.02) | 0.59 | −3.29 (−4.84, −1.35) | 0.09 | −2.57 (−4.46, 2.57) | 0.32 |
| Presence of bad dreams | 2.08 (1.08, 4.01) | 0.03 | 1.88 (0.95, 3.71) | 0.07 | −2.50 (−4.06, 2.02) | 0.23 | −1.79 (−3.66, 2.65) | 0.54 |
| Sleep duration (hours) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.36) | 0.35 | 1.11 (0.88,1.40) | 0.36 | −2.20 (−2.85, −1.23) | 0.005 | –– | –– |
| Sleep duration tertiles | ||||||||
| <6 hours | 1.02 (0.46, 2.27) | 0.79 | 0.95 (0.41, 2.19) | 0.56 | 3.62 (0.73, 5.06) | 0.04 | 3.89 (1.62, 5.26) | 0.02 |
| 6–7 hours | Referent | –– | Referent | –– | Referent | –– | Referent | –– |
| >7 hours | 1.29 (0.66, 2.54) | 0.49 | 1.48 (0.72, 3.01) | 0.27 | −2.68 (−4.25, 1.92) | 0.19 | −2.23 (−3.99, 2.43) | 0.37 |
| Sleep duration (NSF) | ||||||||
| <7 hours (short) | 0.61 (0.34, 1.08) | 0.09 | 0.70 (0.37, 1.34) | 0.28 | 2.49 (−1.73, 3.92) | 0.19 | –– | –– |
| 7–9 hours (normal) | Referent | –– | Referent | –– | Referent | –– | –– | –– |
Poor sleep quality adjusted for continuous BDI score and antidepressant use; High risk for OSA adjusted for diabetes duration, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, continuous BDI score, antidepressant use, and presence of bad dreams; EDS adjusted for diabetes duration, SBP, continuous BDI score, and presence of bad dreams; Presence of bad dreams adjusted for continuous BDI score and antidepressant use; Continuous sleep duration adjusted for age, SBP, LDL cholesterol, and presence of bad dreams; Sleep duration tertiles adjusted for SBP and continuous BDI score; NSF sleep duration adjusted for LDL cholesterol, continuous BDI score, and presence of bad dreams.
Poor sleep quality adjusted for gender, smoking history, antidepressant use, high risk for OSA, and EDS; High risk for OSA adjusted for smoking history, antidepressant use, and EDS; EDS adjusted for smoking history and high risk for OSA; Presence of bad dreams adjusted for antidepressant use, high risk for OSA, EDS, and continuous sleep duration; Sleep duration tertiles adjusted for smoking history.
Abbreviations: HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c, OSA= obstructive sleep apnea, EDS = excessive daytime sleepiness, ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale, NSF = National Sleep Foundation, BDI = Beck Depression Inventory, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, SBP = systolic blood pressure.