Table 2.

Factors associated with an increased risk of PCME

Systemic conditions	Ocular conditions	Surgery associated
Age (elderly, children) Arteriosclerotic vascular disease, including hypertension and diabetes	Ocular inflammatory diseases Retinal vascular diseases Diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy Choroidal neovascularization Drug reactions, including topical epinephrine and epinephrine-like drugs, prostaglandin analogs, and high oral doses of nicotinic acid Retinal dystrophies, including retinitis pigmentosa and Goldmann–Favre syndrome Tractional maculopathies, including idiopathic epiretinal membranes Retinal detachment and retinal detachment surgery Intraocular tumors Optic nerve head abnormalities, including optic pit, optic nerve coloboma (typical and atypical), and morning glory disc anomaly Penetrating keratoplasty Vitreous surgery Laser surgery Cryotherapy and segmental buckling of retinal tears without detachments	Additional trauma during surgery, especially to the iris Posterior capsule rupture Vitreous loss, vitreous traction High phaco energy Long duration of the surgery

Abbreviation: PCME, pseudophakic cystoid macular edema.