Table 2. Association of alcohol (10g ethanol) with fasting serum glucose using Mendelian Randomization analysis.

			Observational multivariable regression analysis* X-Y		Mendelian randomization analysis
	Selection	Number	β	SE	F-statistic G-X	P for endogenous test	β	SE
Total	Total*	4,367	0.49	0.11	280.94	0.0344	1.57	0.43
	Excluding heavy users 1)	4,306	0.70	0.14	327.10	0.0773	1.75	0.48
	Excluding heavy users 2)	4,059	0.54	0.20	301.85	0.0518	2.11	0.71
	Excluding elderly 3)	4,262	0.51	0.11	275.49	0.0280	1.64	0.43
Men	Total*	2,993	0.52	0.12	302.62	0.0009	1.78	0.41
	Excluding heavy users1)	2,932	0.76	0.16	370.80	0.0026	2.01	0.47
	Excluding heavy users2)	2,699	0.63	0.23	371.60	0.0004	2.51	0.67
	Excluding elderly3)	2,936	0.54	0.12	296.18	< .0001	1.78	0.41
Women	Total*	1,374	0.32	0.05	44.30	0.8844	-0.21	2.02
	Excluding heavy users1)	1,374	0.32	0.05	44.30	0.8844	-0.21	2.02
	Excluding heavy users2)	1,360	0.24	0.03	55.12	0.7514	-0.30	2.71
	Excluding elderly3)	1,326	0.32	0.05	43.76	0.6245	0.53	1.98

*Adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, exercise, and family history of diabetes

1) Participants with alcohol intake <100 g/day

2) participants with alcohol intake <50 g/day

3) Participants aged 65 years or older

Tests of endogeneity is Wu-Hausman test, Ho: variables are exogenous