Table 1. Baseline cohort characteristics and model inputs.
| Variable | Mean | Standard Deviation | Source | ||||
| Age (years) | 42.98 | 19.14 | [4] | ||||
| Duration (years) | 16.92 | 13.31 | |||||
| Proportion male | 0.57 | - | |||||
| HbA1c (%) | 8.60 | 4.00 | |||||
| SBP(mmHg) | 128.27 | 16.07 | |||||
| DBP(mmHg) | 73.55 | 15.25 | [30] | ||||
| Total-C (mg/dL) | 176.50 | 33 | [4] | ||||
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50.25 | 13 | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.09 | 5.77 | |||||
| Proportion smoker | 0.22 | . | |||||
| NSHE | 29 | 6.48 | [31] | ||||
| SHE | 0.46 | 0.064 | |||||
| Event | Utility Decrement | Source | Event Cost (£) | SE | Maintenance Cost (£) | SE | Source |
| Baseline | 0.810 | [32] | - | - | - | - | - |
| CVD (non-fatal) | -0.076† | [32, 33] | 4688.69 | 468.87 | 585.75 | 58.57 | [4] |
| CVD (fatal) | - | 3824.34 | 382.43 | ||||
| BDR | -* | [34] | - | - | - | - | |
| PDR | -0.086** | - | - | - | - | ||
| Severe vision loss | -0.185*** | 5585 | 558.5 | 5396 | 540 | ||
| Macular edema | - | Assumed | - | - | - | - | |
| Micro-albuminuria | - | Assumed | - | - | - | - | |
| Macro-albuminuria | -0.017‡ | [35] | - | - | - | - | |
| Impaired GFR | -0.017 | Assumed | |||||
| Dialysis | -0.330 | [32] | 30480 | 3048 | 30480 | 3048 | [4] |
| Transplant | -0.076 | [36] | 20373 | 2037.3 | 7609 | 760.9 | |
| Neuropathy | -0.055 | [35] | 361.6 | 36.16 | 361.6 | 36.16 | |
| Ketoacidosis | - | Assumed | 952 | 95.2 | - | - | |
| PVD | - | Assumed | |||||
| Uncomplicated FU | -0.083✶ | [37] | 4070 | 407 | 5483 | 54.83 | [4] |
| Deep foot infection | -0.083 | Assumed | 7328 | 732.8 | 7328 | 732.8 | |
| FU/critical ischaemia | -0.083 | Assumed | 10336 | 1.033.60 | 10336 | 1036.6 | |
| Minor amputation | -0.116ⅎ | [35] | 11290 | 1129 | 11290 | 1129 | |
| Major amputation | -0.116 | 11290 | 1129 | 11290 | 1129 | ||
| NSHE₸ | -0.014 | [7] | - | - | - | - | |
| SHE₸ | -0.047 | 333 | - | - | - | [27] | |
| BMI | -0.006 | [38] | - | - | - | - | [4] |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 38.22 - | 3.82 | 38.22 | 3.82 | |||
| ACE inhibitor therapy | 18.54 | 1.85 | 18.54 | 1.85 | |||
ACE: angiotensin-converting-enzyme; BDR: background diabetic retinopathy; BMI: body mass index; C: cholesterol; CVD: cardiovascular disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FU: foot ulcer; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: haemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; NSHE: nocturnal non-severe hypoglycaemic event; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SHE: severe hypoglycaemic event.
† CVD was calculated as 60% MI, 32% angina and 8% stroke, where a utility decrement of 0.06 for MI and 0.22 for stroke were taken from Lung et al. A utility decrement of 0.07 for angina was taken from Lee et al.
* BDR taken as a 6/6–6/9 vision on the visual acuity scale.
** PDR taken as a 6/12–6/18 vision on the visual acuity scale.
*** Severe vision loss taken as 6/60–6/120 vision on the visual acuity scale.
‡ value was taken as diabetic kidney disease.
✶ value was taken as a generic ulcer, assumed equal for uncomplicated and complicated foot ulcer as well as foot ulcer with critical ischaemia.
ⅎ value taken was for generic amputation, assumed equal for minor and major.
₸ Disutility presented as mean per event although the model implements the regression equations reported in [7] linking frequency and severity of hypoglycaemia to utility via the fear of hypoglycaemia score.