Fig. 1.

Targets of oxidative and alkylative damage on RNA. a Structures of the four RNA nucleobases with location of common oxidation sites marked (red arrows). Damage at these positions produces 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroadenosine, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine, 5-hydroxycytosine, and 5-hydroxyuracil, respectively. Most of the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the nucleobase are susceptible to alkylative damage (blue arrows). b The phosphodiester backbone and 2′-OH of the ribose are also targets for alkylation (blue arrows)