Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants at EDIC Year 17 by UTI Status*
| No (n=486) | Yes (n=86) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic/Clinical | |||
| Attained Age (years) Mean (SD) | 50.6±7.1 | 50.9±7.7 | 0.7 |
| Non-White Race No. (%) | 14 (3) | 7 (8) | 0.02 |
| Currently Married No. (%) | 329 (70) | 56 (67) | 0.6 |
| College Education No. (%) | 280 (60) | 44 (53) | 0.2 |
| Current Drinker No. (%)† | 185 (39) | 33 (40) | 0.9 |
| Current Smoker No. (%)† | 55 (12) | 11 (13) | 0.7 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) Mean (SD) | 28.7±6.1 | 27.8±4.4 | 0.7 |
| BMI Category (kg/m2) No. (%) | |||
| Normal (<25) | 131 (28) | 20 (24) | 0.2 |
| Overweight (25-29) | 177 (38) | 40 (49) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 153 (33) | 22 (27) | |
| Oral contraceptive use No. (%) | 22 (5) | 2 (2) | 0.3 |
| Postmenopausal No. (%) | 271 (57) | 51 (61) | 0.5 |
| Hysterectomy No. (%) | 79 (17) | 20 (24) | 0.1 |
| Parity (n of live births) No. (%)‡ | |||
| 0 | 156 (32) | 22 (26) | 0.4 |
| 1 | 91 (19) | 16 (19) | |
| ≥2 | 239 (49) | 48 (56) | |
| Sexually active in last 12 months | 375 (78) | 65 (76) | 0.8 |
| Urinary Incontinence (at least weekly) | 108 (23) | 26 (31) | 0.1 |
| Diabetes Control and Treatment | |||
| DCCT cohort No. (% primary prevention) | 246 (51) | 43 (50) | 0.9 |
| Treatment arm No. (% intensive) | 259 (53) | 43 (50) | 0.6 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 29.8±5.0 | 29.6±5.1 | 0.7 |
| Current Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.9±1.2 | 8.4±1.3 | 0.002 |
| DCCT/EDIC time-weighted mean HbA1c | 8.0±0.9 | 8.3±1.0 | 0.008 |
| Insulin Dose (units/kg/day) | 0.67±0.29 | 0.68±0.28 | 0.9 |
| Diabetic Complications (% with complication) | |||
| Retinopathy No. (%)§ | 81 (17) | 14 (16) | 0.9 |
| Nephropathy No. (%)∥ | 67 (14) | 22 (28) | 0.004 |
| Peripheral Neuropathy No. (%)¶ | 185 (40) | 40 (49) | 0.1 |
| Autonomic Neuropathy No. (%)# | 170 (37) | 41 (49) | 0.03 |
| Coronary Calcium>0 No. (%)** | 80 (19) | 15 (20) | 0.8 |
Note: Data are presented as Means (SD) or N (%), p-values based on chi-square or Wilcoxan rank-sum test.
UTI defined as ≥1 episode in past 12 months.
Smoking defined as “currently smokes cigarettes or ever smoked in the past 12 months (any amount).” Drinking defined as “consumed an average of at least one alcoholic beverage per week during the past 12 months.”
Parity defined as number of live births as of EDIC Year 10.
Defined through EDIC year 14 using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study on a scale of 0-23 (<12 Non Proliferative or None, ≥12 Proliferative).
Defined at EDIC years 17/18 by Albumin Excretion Rate (mg/24hr) (AER≥30).
Defined at EDIC year 17 by the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument >6 responses on the questionnaire or a score of >2 on the exam.
Autonomic testing completed in EDIC year 16/17 and abnormal finding defined as R-R variation<15 or RR variation<20 in combination with a Valsalva ratio≤1.5 or a decrease of >10 mm Hg in diastolic BP upon standing.
Coronary calcium deposit during EDIC years 7-9.