Table 3.
Mean values (±SD) of clinical measures of balance and gait before and after the 3-week, high volume Adapted Tango rehabilitative intervention.
| Pretest (n=20) | Posttest (n=20) | Follow-up (n=13) | Change Scores (n=20) | Effect Size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD severity | |||||
| UPDRS-III (/108)* | 30.4±6.1 | 27.5±6.3 | 23.6±5.6† | −2.9±5.4i | −0.47 |
| Dyskinesia | 1.7±2.1a | 1.3±2.1 | 1.8±2.1 | −0.3±1.8f | −0.14 |
| FOGB | 5.2±5.0 | 5.3±5.2 | 4.9±4.9d | −0.3±1.9 | −0.05 |
| Static and dynamic balance | |||||
| BBS (/56)* | 49.3±6.4 | 53.1±3.5† | 54.4±1.7† | 3.8±4.2ii | 0.59 |
| FAB (/40)* | 27.1±6.6 | 31.0±5.3† | 31.6±7.4e, † | 3.7±3.5 | 0.56 |
| DGI (/24)* | 19.1±3.5 | 21.2±2.1c,† | 20.9±2.6e,† | 1.8±2.4c,iii | 0.53 |
| FR (m) | 0.30±0.07 | 0.32±0.07 | 0.30±0.07 | 0.01±0.06 | 0.14 |
| ABC (/100) | 77.0±23.0b | 79.6±23.3 | 85.1±16.4d | 2.9±12.6c | 0.12 |
| TUG (sec) | 9.3±3.1 | 8.2±2.1 | 8.9±3.6e | −1.0±2.1 | −0.31 |
| TUG cognitive (sec) | 12.6±4.3 | 11.2±3.7 | 11.0±6.0e | −1.4±3.0 | −0.32 |
| TUG manual (sec) | 11.3±3.9 | 10.5±3.7 | 10.8±3.8e | −0.6±2.0 | −0.16 |
| Two-Footed Jump (m) | 0.50±0.39 | 0.60±0.37c | 0.66±0.47e | 0.09±0.19c | 0.23 |
| Gait | |||||
| 6MWT (m) | 396.3±87.7 | 437.1±86.0 | 450.3±93.2e | 32.4±83.0iv | 0.37 |
| Preferred gait speed (m/sec) | 1.19±0.21 | 1.23±0.26 | 1.26±0.19e | 0.02±0.19v | 0.10 |
| Preferred cadence (steps/min)* | 109.6±11.1 | 115.3±9.7 | 120.2±8.1e,† | 6.1±10.7 | 0.55 |
| Fast gait speed (m/sec) | 1.67±0.26 | 1.78±0.34 | 1.77±0.31e | 0.09±0.18 | 0.35 |
| Fast cadence (steps/min)* | 136.3±16.4b | 141.9±12.6 | 144.1±15.4e,† | 7.6±11.8c | 0.47 |
Abbreviations: UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; FAB, Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale; DGI, Dynamic Gait Index; 6MWT, Six Minute Walk Test; FR, Functional Reach; ABC, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale; FOGB, Freezing Of Gait questionnaire B; TUG, Timed Up and Go test. Values are shown as M±SD at each timepoint. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) calculated as difference in means between posttest and pretest divided by standard deviation at pretest.
Main effect of time (P < 0.05), repeated measures ANOVA with Holms-Sidak post hoc tests;
Significantly different from pretest. The last observation was carried forward in cases of missing data.
n=18.
n=21.
n=19.
n=14.
n=12.
n=16.
Where available, Minimal Clinically-Important Differences (MCID) are noted.
MCID = 2.5 points.60
MCID (estimated from balance-impaired older adults) = 7 points,62 Minimal Detectable Change (estimated from PD) = 5 points.69
MCID (estimated from community-dwelling older adults) = 1.9 points.61
MCID (estimated from geriatric individuals and stroke survivors) = 47 m.70
MCID (estimated from geriatric individuals and stroke survivors) = 0.10 m/s.70