Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for the major variables and comparison of the means in Study 1.

	Cronbach's α	Total	Males	Females	Gender difference t-test	Cohen's d
Loneliness	0.77	2.80 (0.95)	2.93 (0.97)	2.63 (0.90)	t(298) = −2.86**	0.321
Prosocial behavior	0.93	3.60 (0.60)	3.57 (0.60)	3.62 (0.59)	t(290) = −0.69	−0.08
Public	0.84	2.89 (0.87)	2.83 (0.90)	2.94 (0.84)	t(290) = −1.06	−0.13
Anonymous	0.85	3.60 (0.79)	3.51 (0.80)	3.68 (0.78)	t(291) = −1.73	−0.22
Altruism	0.75	3.95 (0.72)	3.94 (0.66)	3.95 (0.76)	t(290) = −0.04	−0.01
Compliant	0.83	3.76 (0.70)	3.73 (0.69)	3.78 (0.70)	t(291) = −0.55	−0.07
Emotional	0.82	3.55 (0.72)	3.57 (0.74)	3.54 (0.72)	t(291) = 0.39	0.04
Dire	0.76	3.83 (0.78)	3.82 (0.78)	3.84 (0.77)	t(291) = −0.30	−0.03

^**p < 0.01.