Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and outcomes for all diabetic patients and according to peak blood glucose level
| Characteristic | All patients | Peak BGL ≥10 mmol/l | Peak BGL <10 mmol/l | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 60 (100) | 46 (77) | 14 (23) | |
| Age, years | 66 (60, 74) | 65 (56, 71) | 74 (65, 80) | 0.02 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 17 (28) | 15 (33) | 2 (14) | 0.31 |
| Weight, kg (n = 58) | 84 (74, 100) | 84 (78, 104) | 83 (74, 100) | 0.39 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (n = 40) | 31 (27, 34) | 32 (28, 35) | 28 (24, 31) | 0.11 |
| APACHE III score | 60 (46, 76) | 59 (46, 75) | 62 (48, 79) | 0.71 |
| Type 1 diabetes, n (%) | 3 (5) | 3 (7) | 0 | |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 57 (95) | 43 (93) | 14 (100) | 1.00 |
| Type 2 diabetes treatment, n (%) | 0.007 | |||
| Diet only | 8 (13) | 5 (11) | 6 (43) | |
| Oral agent(s) only | 25 (42) | 18 (39) | 7 (50) | |
| Insulin only | 11 (18) | 10 (22) | 1 (7) | |
| Insulin + oral agent(s) | 13 (22) | 13 (28) | 0 | |
| Non-operative admission diagnosis, n (%) | 0.59 | |||
| Cardiovascular | 6 (10) | 5 (26) | 1 (14) | |
| Sepsis | 6 (10) | 5 (26) | 1 (14) | |
| Respiratory | 6 (10) | 3 (16) | 3 (43) | |
| Renal/metabolic | 6 (10) | 5 (26) | 1 (14) | |
| Other | 2 (3) | 1 (5) | 1 (14) | |
| Operative admission diagnosis, n (%) | 0.09 | |||
| Cardiovascular | 25 (42) | 20 (74) | 5 (71) | |
| Gastrointestinal | 6 (10) | 6 (22) | 1 (14) | |
| Other | 3 (5) | 1 (4) | 1 (14) | |
| HbA1c on ICU admission, % | 6.7 (6.0, 7.7) | 7.0 (6.2, 7.8) | 6.2 (5.9, 6.5) | 0.009 |
| Blood glucose on ICU admission, mmol/l | 9.3 (7.6, 12) | 10 (7.8, 13) | 8.1 (7.4, 9.0) | 0.01 |
| Blood ketones on ICU admission, mmol/l | 0.3 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | 0.99 |
| Ketosis on ICU admission, n (%) | 23 (39) | 17 (38) | 6 (43) | 0.12 |
| Ketonuria on ICU admission, n (%) (n = 57) | 8 (14) | 6 (13) | 2 (17) | 0.09 |
| Lactate on ICU admission, mmol/l | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.7) | 1.2, (1.0, 2.0) | 0.06 |
| Hematocrit on ICU admission, % | 27 (25, 31) | 27 (25, 29) | 32 (27, 35) | 0.07 |
| Alkalosis on ICU admissiona, n (%) | 7 (12) | 7 (15) | 0 | |
| Catecholamine infusion on ICU admission, n (%) | 23 (38) | 21 (46) | 2 (14) | 0.06 |
| Nutrition on ICU admission, n (%) | 6 (10) | 6 (13) | 0 | |
| Acute liver failure, n (%) | 3 (5) | 2 (4) | 1 (7) | 0.56 |
| Chronic alcohol abuse, n (%) | 4 (7) | 3 (7) | 1 (7) | 1.00 |
| Acute alcohol intoxication, n (%) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 0 | |
| ICU length of stay, days | 3.7 (2.2, 6.2) | 3.7 (2.3, 6.9) | 3.4 (2.1, 3.8) | 0.26 |
| Hospital length of stay, days | 11 (6.7, 24) | 11 (7.2, 23) | 13 (5.4, 24) | 0.86 |
| ICU mortality, n (%) | 5 (8) | 4 (9) | 1 (7) | 0.85 |
| Hospital mortality, n (%) | 6 (10) | 5 (11) | 1 (7) | 0.68 |
Values are median (IQR) or n (%)
BGL blood glucose level, BMI body mass index, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, ICU intensive care unit
apH >7.45