Table 3.

Effect of diet (D) and period (P) on the relative expression^a of key genes in ruminal epithelial tissue

	RES		ADLIB			Significance
Geneb	Period 1	Period 2	Period 1	Period 2	SEMc	D	P	D*Pd
Growth and Structure
CCND1	5.804	16.219	7.981	11.04	2.701	0.586	0.018	0.182
CCND2	6.544	20.787	13.521	13.724	4.054	0.618	0.183	0.192
CCND3	6.156	50.062	9.498	37.621	9.179	0.957	<0.001	0.396
CCNE1	20.302	43.776	31.736	30.536	8.105	0.913	0.185	0.137
CCNE2	58.975	106.52	86.475	79.928	27.07	0.913	0.948	0.325
CDKN1A	11.429	21.017	13.367	13.944	4.724	0.590	0.288	0.347
CDKN2A	5.6178	14.964	12.357	17.614	3.236	0.245	0.039	0.532
CDKN2B	13.851	23.052	14.281	12.594	5.554	0.372	0.503	0.334
DSG1	7.82	50.432	40.351	27.469	13.02	0.273	0.051	0.019
VFA activation
ACS	2.72	2.359	2.12	2.588	0.155	0.826	0.103	0.733
ACSS1	2.579	2.047	2.703	2.079	0.338	0.818	0.096	0.893
PCCA	1.75	1.911	1.498	1.896	0.128	0.303	0.004	0.358
Transport proteins
CACT	6.597	8.145	10.829	4.969	1.61	0.745	0.189	0.027
NHE1	17.983	7.76	15.672	8.039	1.238	0.418	<0.001	0.302
NHE2	3.455	2.964	2.94	3.197	0.355	0.695	0.745	0.300
NHE3	2.609	8.503	2.759	6.313	0.79	0.212	<0.001	0.148
Ketogenesis
ACAT	12.153	31.857	12.779	20.89	4.802	0.289	0.006	0.235
HMGCL	2.313	5.241	3.169	5.171	0.42	0.356	<0.001	0.278
BDH1	3.971	1.67	3.29	1.99	0.251	0.476	<0.001	0.053
BDH2	3.491	2.803	2.1	2.931	0.304	0.045	0.815	0.017
HMGCS1	6.51	3.476	6.989	2.607	0.779	0.804	<0.001	0.392
HMGCS2	2.641	3.676	2.21	4.586	0.401	0.554	<0.001	0.103
Pyruvate metabolism
LDHa	1.915	1.719	1.609	1.789	0.092	0.207	0.931	0.048
LDHb	1.749	2.151	1.685	2.074	0.121	0.564	0.002	0.959
PC	2.001	2.928	2.409	2.986	0.247	0.355	0.004	0.484
PDHA1	2.074	1.248	1.619	1.265	0.093	0.024	<0.001	0.015

^aGene expression values were normalized to the reference gene after adjustment for efficiencies and interplate variation and converted to values relative to the greatest cycle threshold (Ct) within each data set

^b CCND1 cyclin D1, CCND2 cyclin D2, CCND3 cyclin D3, CCNE1 cyclin E1, CCNE2 cyclin E2, CDKN1A cyclin dependant kinase inhibitor 1A, CDKN2A cyclin dependant kinase inhibitor 2A, CDKN2B cyclin dependant kinase inhibitor 2B, DSG1 desmoglein 1, ACS acetyl coA synthetase, ACSS1 acyl coA synthetase short-chain family member 1, PCCA propionyl coA carboxylase α polypeptide, CACT solute carrier family 25, carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase member 20, NHE1 NA⁺/H⁺ exchanger isoform 1, NHE2 NA⁺/H⁺ exchanger isoform 2, NHE3 NA⁺/H⁺ exchanger isoform 3, ACAT acetyl coA acyltransferase, HMGCL 3-Hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-coA lyase, hydroxymethylglutaricaacidura, BDH1 3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 1, BDH2 3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 2, HMGCS1 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coA synthase 1, HMGCS2 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coA synthase 2, LDHa lactate dehydrogenase isoform a, LDHb lactate dehydrogenase isoform b, PC pyruvate carboxylase, PDHA1 pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide, α 1

^cSEM, standard error of the mean

^dD*P, diet × period interaction