Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| First author (Reference ) | Country | Study design | Data collection method | Sample | Recruitment/setting | Sample size | Response rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akpanudo 49 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Clinical psychologists | Random sample selected from the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology | 352 | 57% |
| Amole 50 | USA | Pre‐test–post‐test | Online self‐report questionnaire | Psychiatric nurses | Convenience sample in Georgia, USA, obtained through the American Nurses Crendentialling Centre | 201 | Not reported |
| Ashton 39 | Australia | Mixed methods | Mailed self‐report questionnaire with closed and open response options | Range of staff | Government and non‐government mental health services in Adelaide, South Australia | 324 | 60% |
| Brown 51 | USA | Pre‐test–post‐test | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Programme/clinical directors of substance use disorder treatment programmes | Stratified random sample of substance use disorder treatment programmes licensed by the New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services | 285 | 81.9% |
| Connolly 24 | New Zealand | Cross‐sectional survey | Online self‐report questionnaire | Psychiatric nurses | Invitations for nurses working in in‐patient or community mental health services distributed via the newsletter for a government organization involved with work‐force development across the mental health sector | 104 | 17% |
| Cookson 53 | UK | Cross‐sectional survey | Self‐report questionnaire (administered on site) | Range of staff | Convenience sample from four community drug treatment services associated with the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust | 145 | 97% |
| Dickens 23; Stubbs 52 | UK | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed questionnaires | Range of staff | A single large, charitable status, psychiatric hospital in Northampton, UK | 599 | 40.7% |
| Dwyer 54 | Australia | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Psychiatric nurses | Random sample of endorsed mental health nurses selected from the Queensland Nursing Council register | 289 | 28.9% |
| Fuller 55 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Self‐report questionnaire (method of administration not reported) | Range of staff | Drug abuse treatment programmes participating in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network | 3786 | 71% |
| Gifford 41 | USA | Qualitative | Semi‐structured interviews | Range of staff | 15 residential substance abuse treatment programmes | 25 | N/A |
| Glover 36 | New Zealand | Qualitative | Semi‐structured interviews (face‐to‐face or telephone) | Range of staff | Invited ‘key informants’ including managers and workers in mental health and drug and alcohol services and smoke‐free coordinators and cessation providers within district health boards | 61 | 42% |
| Guo 56 | Taiwan | Cross‐sectional survey | Self‐report questionnaire (method of administration not reported) | Nurses | Two community psychiatric hospitals providing in‐patient and out‐patient care | 199 | 79.6% |
| Guydish 57 | USA | Pre‐test–post‐test | Self‐report questionnaire (administered on site) | Range of staff | All state‐certified addiction treatment programmes in New York State excluding prevention, education, short‐term, hospital‐based, criminal justice and adolescent programmes invited to participate | 235 | 92% |
| Himelhoch 58 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Self‐report questionnaire (administered on site) | Primarily psychiatrists and master's level therapists | Nine government‐funded community mental health services in Maryland, USA (only clinicians present on day of recruitment invited) | 95 | 100% |
| Hunt 38 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Questionnaire administered via phone, fax, mail or e‐mail | Clinic directors, medical directors, counselling supervisors, head nurses and clinic owners | Representative sample of out‐patients substance abuse treatment facilities selected from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Inventory of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (one person in a leadership position from each clinic) | 405 | Not reported |
| Johnson 59 | Canada | Cross‐sectional survey | Self‐report questionnaire (administered on site) | Range of staff | 8 mental health teams within Vancouver Community Mental Health Services and 14 contracted community agencies | 282 | 32–38% |
| Keizer 60 | Switzerland | Cross‐sectional survey | Self‐report questionnaire (method of administration not reported) | Range of staff | Single public psychiatric hospital in Geneva, Switzerland | 155 | 72.4% |
| Knudsen 61; Knudsen 62 | USA | Longitudinal survey | Self‐report questionnaire administered via phone | Service administrators | Publicly and privately funded substance abuse treatment programmes, and therapeutic communities, identified through prior participation in the National Treatment Centre Study | 897 | 85.2% |
| Knudsen 63; Knudsen 64 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Counsellors | Publicly and privately funded substance abuse treatment programmes, and therapeutic communities, identified through prior participation in the National Treatment Centre Study | 2127 | 55.5% |
| Lawn 35 | Australia | Qualitative | Participant observation (ethnography) and open‐ended interviews | Range of staff | Two psychiatric hospitals in Queensland and South Australia | Not reported | NA |
| Leffingwell 65 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Clinical psychologists | Clinical psychologists identified through a public listing of all licensed psychologists in Oklahoma, USA | 167 | 34.7% |
| McCool 66 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Self‐report questionnaire administered via phone, fax or mail | Programme leaders (clinic directors, medical directors, supervising counsellors and head nurses) | All out‐patient methadone clinics in the USA (identified from lists of US methadone providers from the Food and Drug Administration and the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment). One programme leader per clinic invited to participate. | 408 | 58.4% |
| McNally 14 | UK | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Range of staff | Three NHS Trusts in London, Staffordshire and Ipswich, UK | 837 | 46% |
| Miller‐Thomas 67 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Range of staff | 12 substance abuse treatment programmes: range of perinatal, Veteran's Affairs, hospital‐based and community‐based | 376 | 85.3% |
| Morris 40 | USA | Qualitative | Focus groups | Range of staff | Representative sample of urban and rural regions in the public mental health system in Colorado, USA | 19 | NA |
| Praveen 68 | UK | Cross‐sectional survey | Self‐report questionnaire (administered on site) | Range of staff | In‐patient mental health units in Birmingham, Buckinghamshire and central London, UK | 308 | 68.4% |
| Price 19 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Psychiatrists | Invitations to all community mental health centres with Ohio Department of Mental Health certification | 80 | 53% |
| Ratschen 16 | UK | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Range of staff | All in‐patient mental health units within a single NHS Trust | 459 | 68% |
| Ratschen 43 | UK | Qualitative | Semi‐structured interviews | Range of mental health professionals | Two acute adult mental health wards in a single mental health trust | 16 | NA |
| Richter 42 | USA | Qualitative | Semi‐structured interviews | Range of staff | Eight drug treatment facilities in a metropolitan area of the Midwestern United States | 33 | NA |
| Robson 69 | UK | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Psychiatric nurses | Convenience sample from workforce of a single, large NHS Mental Health Trust | 585 | 52% |
| Sharp 70 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Electronic self‐report questionnaire | Psychiatric nurses | Sample of nurses selected from members of the American Psychiatric Nurses' Association | 1365 | 31.6% |
| Sidani 71 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Counsellors | Nationally representative random sample of clinical mental health counsellors identified through membership with the American Mental Health Counsellors Association | 330 | 53.1% |
| Steiner 72 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Range of staff | Single mental health centre in Connecticut, USA, providing in‐patient and out‐patient services | 175 | 87% |
| Walsh 17 | Australia | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Range of staff | Alcohol and drug treatment agencies identified from the Australian Directory of Alcohol and Other Drug Services and from directories of treatment agencies in all states and territories of Australia. One unit manager and one other staff member per unit invited to participate | 417 | 51.6% |
| Weinberger 73 | USA | Cross‐sectional survey | Self‐report questionnaire (method of administration not reported) | Range of staff | Single mental health centre in Connecticut, USA | 34 | 53% |
| Williams 37 | USA | Pre‐test–post‐test | Self‐report questionnaire (administered on site) | Range of staff | Attendees at a training course focused on training mental health treatment providers to address tobacco dependence | 71 | NA |
| Wye 74 | Australia | Cross‐sectional survey | Mailed self‐report questionnaire | Nurse managers | All publicly funded psychiatric in‐patient units in New South Wales, Australia. One nurse manager per unit invited to participate | 123 | 94% |