Table 2.
Energy and macronutrient intakes in the studied children during their stay at preschool
| Energy/nutrient | Reference values | Girls (n = 63) | Boys (n = 65) | All children (n = 128) | P | Girls (n = 63) | Boys (n = 65) | All children (n = 128) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Median | SE | Median | SE | Median | SE | |||
| Energy | ||||||||||||||
| (kJ) | Body weight dependent | 2922 | 732 | 2872 | 728 | 2897 | 727 | NS | 2961 | 92 | 2914 | 90 | 2939 | 64 |
| (kcal) | 697 | 175 | 685 | 174 | 691 | 174 | NS | 707 | 22 | 695 | 22 | 702 | 15 | |
| (kJ/kg body weight) | NA | 145 | 35 | 142 | 37 | 143 | 36 | NS | 148 | 4 | 144 | 5 | 144 | 3 |
| (kcal/kg body weight) | NA | 35 | 8 | 34 | 9 | 34 | 9 | NS | 35 | 1 | 34 | 1 | 34 | 1 |
| Total protein | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | Body weight dependent | 20.2 | 5.7 | 20.0 | 5.7 | 20.1 | 5.7 | NS | 20.8 | 0.7 | 20.3 | 0.7 | 20.7 | 0.5 |
| (g/kg body weight) | 0.59a | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.3 | NS | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 |
| (% of energy) | 10–15 % | 11.5 | 1.3 | 11.6 | 0.9 | 11.6 | 1.1 | NS | 11.5 | 0.2 | 11.7 | 0.1 | 11.6 | 0.1 |
| Animal protein | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | NA | 11.7 | 3.9 | 11.9 | 4.3 | 11.8 | 4.1 | NS | 12.1 | 0.5 | 11.6 | 0.5 | 12.1 | 0.4 |
| (% of total protein) | NA | 56.4 | 9.6 | 58.4 | 8.4 | 57.4 | 9.0 | NS | 58.0 | 1.2 | 59.8 | 1.0 | 58.8 | 0.8 |
| Plant protein | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | NA | 8.6 | 2.5 | 8.1 | 2.2 | 8.3 | 2.4 | NS | 8.4 | 0.3 | 8.0 | 0.3 | 8.2 | 0.2 |
| (% of total protein) | NA | 43.4 | 9.7 | 41.3 | 8.6 | 42.4 | 9.2 | NS | 42.0 | 1.2 | 39.6 | 1.1 | 41.2 | 0.8 |
| Total fat | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | NA | 24.1 | 7.5 | 23.9 | 8.0 | 24.0 | 7.8 | NS | 24.4 | 0.9 | 24.0 | 1.0 | 24.3 | 0.7 |
| (% of energy) | 20–30 % | 30.7 | 3.7 | 30.8 | 4.5 | 30.7 | 4.1 | NS | 31.2 | 0.5 | 32.1 | 0.6 | 31.6 | 0.4 |
| Saturated fatty acids | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | NA | 10.81 | 3.72 | 10.95 | 3.88 | 10.88 | 3.79 | NS | 11.22 | 0.47 | 11.05 | 0.48 | 11.21 | 0.33 |
| (% of energy) | <10 % | 13.7 | 2.3 | 14.0 | 2.4 | 13.9 | 2.4 | NS | 13.8 | 0.3 | 14.6 | 0.3 | 14.2 | 0.2 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | NA | 2.37 | 0.65 | 2.26 | 0.66 | 2.31 | 0.65 | NS | 2.38 | 0.08 | 2.25 | 0.08 | 2.30 | 0.06 |
| (% of energy) | 6–10 % | 3.1 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 3.0 | 0.4 | NS | 3.0 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.0 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | NA | 9.26 | 2.85 | 9.03 | 3.07 | 9.14 | 2.96 | NS | 9.53 | 0.36 | 9.30 | 0.38 | 9.51 | 0.26 |
| (% of energy) | >10 %b | 11.8 | 1.6 | 11.7 | 1.9 | 11.7 | 1.8 | NS | 12.0 | 0.2 | 12.3 | 0.2 | 12.1 | 0.2 |
| Cholesterol | ||||||||||||||
| (mg) | <210c | 99 | 31 | 98 | 38 | 98 | 34 | NS | 102 | 4 | 94 | 5 | 101 | 3 |
| Total carbohydrates | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | NA | 105.0 | 24.6 | 102.3 | 23.0 | 103.6 | 23.7 | NS | 104.3 | 3.1 | 106.4 | 2.8 | 105.5 | 2.1 |
| Available carbohydrates | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | 91d | 99.2 | 23.2 | 97.0 | 21.8 | 98.1 | 22.4 | NS | 99.4 | 2.9 | 100.9 | 2.7 | 99.8 | 2.0 |
| (% of energy) | 55–70 %e | 57.5 | 4.2 | 57.3 | 4.8 | 57.4 | 4.5 | NS | 56.7 | 0.5 | 55.9 | 0.6 | 56.4 | 0.4 |
| Lactose | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | NA | 4.7 | 2.2 | 5.2 | 2.1 | 4.9 | 2.2 | NS | 4.9 | 0.3 | 5.0 | 0.3 | 5.0 | 0.2 |
| (% of energy) | NA | 2.6 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 0.033 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 0.1 |
| Sucrose | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | NA | 34.1 | 8.0 | 34.6 | 9.0 | 34.3 | 8.5 | NS | 34.1 | 1.0 | 33.8 | 1.1 | 34.0 | 0.8 |
| (% of energy) | NA | 20.1 | 4.2 | 20.6 | 3.7 | 20.3 | 4.0 | NS | 19.8 | 0.5 | 20.5 | 0.5 | 20.2 | 0.4 |
| Starch | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | NA | 52.2 | 15.5 | 49.6 | 13.9 | 50.9 | 14.7 | NS | 52.5 | 2.0 | 49.4 | 1.7 | 50.3 | 1.3 |
| (% of energy) | NA | 30.0 | 4.6 | 29.2 | 5.3 | 29.6 | 5.0 | NS | 29.5 | 0.6 | 28.7 | 0.7 | 29.1 | 0.4 |
| Dietary fibre | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | 9.8f | 5.7 | 1.6 | 5.3 | 1.4 | 5.5 | 1.5 | NS | 5.6 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 5.5 | 0.1 |
| Total water | ||||||||||||||
| (g) | 1120f | 742 | 165 | 713 | 148 | 727 | 157 | NS | 747 | 21 | 717 | 18 | 734 | 14 |
P significance, NA not available, NS not significant (P > 0.05)
a70 % EAR
bCalculated by difference as: total fat − (saturated fatty acids + polyunsaturated fatty acids)
c70 % of the WHO recommendations
d70 % RDA
eCalculated by difference: as the percentage of total energy − energy from total protein − energy from total fat
f70 % AI