Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of subjects
| Variable | Total | Frequency of coffee intake | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seldom | Once per week | Greater than or equal to once per 2 days | |||
| N | 992 | 886 | 56 | 50 | – |
| Age | 64.85 ± 9.41 | 65.35 ± 9.19 | 61.3 ± 9.77 | 59.9 ± 10.74 | <0.001 |
| HTN | 463 (47.2 %) | 424 (48.46 %) | 27 (48.21 %) | 12 (24 %) | 0.002 |
| CAD | 100 (10.50 %) | 93 (10.93 %) | 5 (9.43 %) | 2 (4.17 %) | 0.244 |
| DM | 102 (10.52 %) | 97 (11.2 %) | 2 (3.64 %) | 3 (6.12 %) | 0.075 |
| Gout | 37 (3.82 %) | 33 (3.82 %) | 2 (3.64 %) | 2 (4.08 %) | 0.993 |
| RA | 37 (3.77 %) | 33 (3.77 %) | 2 (3.57 %) | 2 (4.08 %) | 0.991 |
| Smoking | 325 (32.76 %) | 275 (31.04 %) | 22 (39.29 %) | 28 (56 %) | 0.001 |
| Drinking | 279 (28.15 %) | 233 (26.33 %) | 22 (39.29 %) | 24 (48 %) | 0.001 |
| Exercise | 652 (65.73 %) | 591 (66.7 %) | 35 (62.5 %) | 26 (52 %) | 0.099 |
| Education | 292 (29.44 %) | 250 (28.22 %) | 24 (42.86 %) | 18 (36 %) | 0.009 |
| VC | 107 (10.79 %) | 97 (10.95 %) | 6 (10.71 %) | 4 (8 %) | 0.793 |
| VD | 28 (2.82 %) | 22 (2.48 %) | 2 (3.57 %) | 4 (8 %) | 0.150 |
| Oil | 19.75 ± 9.79 | 19.86 ± 9.85 | 18.25 ± 9.56 | 19.56 ± 9 | 0.486 |
| T-score | −1.24 ± 0.91 | −1.26 ± 0.91 | −1.05 ± 1 | −1.05 ± 0.87 | 0.079 |
| OP | 90 (9.07 %) | 87 (9.82 %) | 2 (3.57 %) | 1 (2 %) | 0.023 |
HTN hypertension, CAD coronary artery disease, DM diabetes mellitus, RA rheumatoid arthritis, OP osteoporosis