Table 3.
Odds ratios from ordinal logistic regressions predicting Ethiopian children’s immunization status using individual measures of women’s autonomyae
| Partially immunized (vs. no vaccines) | Fully immunized (vs. no vaccines) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Individual measures of women’s autonomyf | ||||||
| Person who makes final decision on household purchases | ||||||
| Mother | 2.11 | 1.92 | 1.86 | 2.12 | 1.68 | 1.67 |
| (0.84, 5.31) | (0.74, 4.99) | (0.74, 4.71) | (0.70, 6.44) | (0.52, 5.39) | (0.452, 5.32) | |
| Joint | 1.18 | 1.07 | 1.10 | 1.30 | 1.07 | 1.09 |
| (0.78, 1.78) | (0.70, 1.63) | (0.72, 1.66) | (0.80, 2.11) | (0.65, 1.75) | (0.66, 1.77) | |
| Person who makes final decision on visits to family/friends | ||||||
| Mother | 1.15 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.55 | 1.28 | 1.26 |
| (0.66, 2.03) | (0.56, 1.82) | (0.55, 1.81) | (0.73, 3.28) | (0.60, 2.72) | (0.58, 2.72) | |
| Joint | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.23 |
| (0.61, 1.53) | (0.59, 1.50) | (0.60, 1.55) | (0.70, 2.05) | (0.69, 2.05) | (0.71, 2.13) | |
| Person who makes final decisions regarding respondent’s earnings | ||||||
| Mother | 2.78**** | 2.78 | 3.38**** | 4.63* | 4.96* | 6.53** |
| (0.87, 8.89) | (0.82, 9.40) | (1.00, 1.42) | (1.34, 15.98) | (1.22, 20.18) | (1.68, 25.54) | |
| Joint | 3.16** | 3.57** | 4.29** | 4.71** | 6.30*** | 8.13*** |
| (1.34, 7.49) | (1.53, 8.35) | (1.69, 10.89) | (1.86, 11.89) | (2.27, 17.54) | (2.59, 25.34) | |
| Person who makes final decisions on respondent’s health care | ||||||
| Mother | 1.40 | 1.47 | 1.42 | 1.91 | 2.00**** | 1.79 |
| (0.70, 2.81) | (0.73, 2.98) | (0.68, 2.93) | (0.87, 4.17) | (0.90, 4.41) | (0.79, 4.10) | |
| Joint | 1.08 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.22 | 1.28 | 1.19 |
| (0.71, 1.64) | (0.72, 1.70) | (0.67, 1.67) | (0.71, 2.09) | (0.74, 2.22) | (0.67, 2.12) | |
| Health care | ||||||
| Delivered at home | 0.87 | 0.96 | 0.58 | 0.74 | ||
| (0.31, 2.45) | (0.37, 2.50) | (0.19, 1.81) | (0.26, 2.13) | |||
| Antenatal care | 2.75*** | 2.54*** | 6.04*** | 5.08*** | ||
| (1.64, 4.60) | (1.54, 4.18) | (3.51, 10.39) | (2.98, 8.65) | |||
| Mothers educationb | ||||||
| Primary school | 1.78* | 2.30** | ||||
| (1.08, 2.94) | (1.31, 4.04) | |||||
| Complete secondary school and higher | 2.28 | 3.66**** | ||||
| (0.47, 11.11) | (0.83, 16.27) | |||||
| Fathers’ educationb | ||||||
| Primary school | 1.10 | 0.91 | ||||
| (0.72, 1.68) | (0.55, 1.46) | |||||
| Secondary school | 1.05 | 0.80 | ||||
| (0.35, 3.10) | (0.24, 2.67) | |||||
| Higher | 1.07 | 0.87 | ||||
| (0.35, 3.31) | (0.25, 2.98) | |||||
| Occupationc | ||||||
| Manual occupation | 0.56 | 0.57 | ||||
| (0.26, 1.20) | (0.22, 1.50) | |||||
| Agriculture occupation | 1.34 | 1.64**** | ||||
| (0.85, 2.11) | (0.93, 2.89) | |||||
| Professional occupation | 1.37 | 1.31 | ||||
| (0.77, 2.40) | (0.69, 2.50) | |||||
| Wealth indexd | ||||||
| Poorer | 0.74 | 1.06 | ||||
| (0.43, 1.27) | (0.55, 2.06) | |||||
| Middle | 0.66**** | 0.74 | ||||
| (0.41, 1.06) | (0.40, 1.37) | |||||
| Richer | 0.52* | 0.91 | ||||
| (0.31, 0.87) | (0.47, 1.78) | |||||
| Richest | 1.09 | 2.87**** | ||||
| (0.42, 2.85) | (0.97, 8.46) | |||||
| Constant | 1.40 | 0.78 | 0.27 | 1.08 | 0.37 | 0.69 |
| (0.21, 9.18) | (0.12, 5.15) | (0.04, 1.69) | (0.14, 8.33) | (0.05, 2.92) | (0.01, 0.45) | |
| Observations | 2941 | 2941 | 2941 | 2941 | 2941 | 2941 |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.10
aEach model controls for women’s religion, mother’s age in years, polygamous marriage, age at first marriage, child’s age, child sex, number of children under 5 years of age in the household, region, and urban/rural residential location
bReference category is no education
cReference category is no occupation
dReference category is poorest
eConfidence interval in parentheses
fReference group is husband makes final decision
Source: 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys