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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 16.
Published in final edited form as: Sociol Sci. 2014 Apr 21;1:141–158. doi: 10.15195/v1.a11

Father Never Incarcerated Father Incarcerated
Factor Loadings
Before or by YR1 Btw YR1 & YR5

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD F1 F2 F3


(He/She) acts too young for age 0.12 (0.39) 0.12 (0.40) 0.14 (0.43) 0.339 0.526
(He/She) clings to adults or is too dependent 0.45 (0.66) 0.63 (0.74) 0.56 (0.73) 0.525
(He/She) is nervous, high strung, or tense 0.13 (0.39) 0.19 (0.47) 0.18 (0.46) 0.421
(He/She) is too fearful or anxious 0.25 (0.49) 0.36 (0.59) 0.27 (0.50) 0.403
(He/She) is unhappy, sad, depressed 0.07 (0.28) 0.1 (0.31) 0.09 (0.31) −0.332 0.682
(He/She) is withdrawn; (he/she) doesn’t get involved with others 0.09 (0.34) 0.12 (0.37) 0.11 (0.33) 0.760
(He/She) is disobedient 0.48 (0.57) 0.55 (0.63) 0.5 (0.63) 0.558
(He/She) doesn’t seem to feel guilty after misbehaving 0.38 (0.59) 0.48 (0.66) 0.47 (0.65) 0.310
(He/She) is stubborn, sullen, or irritable 0.56 (0.63) 0.66 (0.68) 0.56 (0.66) 0.751
(He/She) has temper tantrums or hot temper 0.5 (0.62) 0.61 (0.68) 0.59 (0.69) 0.800
(He/She) cries a lot 0.31 (0.58) 0.43 (0.67) 0.41 (0.64) 0.322
(He/She) doesn’t get along with other children 0.16 (0.41) 0.22 (0.48) 0.17 (0.42) 0.432
(He/She) has trouble getting to sleep 0.28 (0.54) 0.33 (0.60) 0.3 (0.58) 0.298
(He/She) has sudden changes in mood or feelings 0.42 (0.58) 0.57 (0.64) 0.54 (0.63) 0.620
(He/She) can’t concentrate, can’t pay attention for long 0.43 (0.61) 0.53 (0.65) 0.48 (0.62) 0.795
(He/She) can’t sit still; (he/she) is restless or hyperactive 0.5 (0.68) 0.71 (0.77) 0.68 (0.73) 0.794
(He/She) wants a lot of attention 0.98 (0.74) 1.13 (0.74) 1.16 (0.72) 0.360 0.383

Note: Factor 1 aligns with externalizing behaviors, Factor 2 with attention-related skills, and Factor 3 with internalizing behaviors. The scale ranges from 0 to 2, with 0=not true, 1=somewhat true, and 2=very true.