Table 1.
Selected pathways enriched in testes co-culture after exposure to multiple reproductively toxic phthalates
| Pathway | Number of genes changed (pathway enrichment p-value) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BBP | DBP | DEHP | DPP | |
| CD27 Signaling in Lymphocytes | - | - | 12 (0.003) | - |
| CXCR4 Signaling | - | 24 (0.014) | - | |
| Role of Macrophages, Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis | 31 (0.05) | 46 (0.003) | 41 (0.022) | - |
| IGF-1 Signaling | - | - | 16 (0.031) | - |
| IL-1 Signaling | - | - | 15 (0.036) | - |
| IL-6 Signaling | - | 18 (0.035) | 19 (0.021) | - |
| IL-8 Signaling | - | 29 (0.008) | - | - |
| IL-9 Signaling | - | - | 8 (0.017) | - |
| IL-15 production | 6 (0.008) | - | - | - |
| Leukocyte extravasation signaling | 25 (0.01) | - | - | - |
| LPS/IL-1 Mediated Inhibition of RXR Function | - | 39 (0.0004) | - | - |
| NF-kB Activation by Viruses | - | 15 (0.005) | - | - |
| TNFR1 Signaling | - | - | 12 (0.003) | - |
| TGF-β Signaling | - | - | 15 (0.025) | 21 (0.02) |
| PI3K Signaling in B Lymphocytes | - | - | 21 (0.016) | - |
| VEGF Signaling | - | 21 (0.0002) | - | 23 (0.02) |
Note: Testicular co-cultures were treated with 100μM of seven phthalate esters. Genes with significantly changed expression (FDR<0.05) were analyzed using IPA pathway analysis software. Significantly enriched pathways (p<0.05) were identified, with a focus on pathways related to cytokine signaling, inflammation, macrophage function or other immune processes. For three of the phthalates evaluated, pathway data were not included, either because no significantly altered genes were identified at FDR<0.05 (DEP, DMP) or no pathways related to cytokine signaling or related functions were enriched (DOTP). (- indicates pathway not enriched)